Exploring International Careers

1. Exploring International Careers Katherine Punteney, Ed.D. Monterey Institute of International Studies

2. Presentation Context • This lecturette was created by Katherine Punteney as part of a module on exploring international careers designed to be presented to undergraduates in international education courses. • Research on the effectiveness of this module has been published: Punteney, K. (2012). Journal of Studies in International Education, 16(4). 390-407. doi: 10.1177/1028315311430354 • Contact info: Katherine Punteney, Ed.D. Program Chair, MA in International Education Management Monterey Institute of International Studies 460 Pierce Street, Monterey, CA 93940 kpunteney@miis.edu

3. Permissions • Feel free to edit, modify, and use this presentation for non-profit, educational purposes. I’ve taken out all of my photos, please add your own. • If your modified version resembles this one, please give acknowledgement on one of the slides to: Katherine Punteney, Ed.D. Program Chair, MA in International Education Management Monterey Institute of International Studies • If your version is dramatically modified and this was merely food for thought, then no acknowledgement required. • I’d love to hear about anything you do with this: kpunteney@miis.edu

4. What is an International Career? A series of related jobs that take place in one or more countries outside the United States, or within the United States but with a substantial international focus.

5. Katherine’s Career Path:College Study Abroad University of Puget Sound, Pac-Rim Program

6. Working with Japanese Students in U.S. Mukogawa Fort Wright Institute Spokane, Washington

7. Teaching English in Japan Mukogawa Women’s University Junior High & High School Nishinomiya, Japan

8. Graduate School SIT Graduate Institute, Brattleboro, VT MA in International Education

9. Working in India Sangam World Center, World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts; Pune, India

10. Office of International EducationInternational Student Services & Campus Internationalization

11. What Makes an International Career Unique?

12. Tasks Unique to Global Careers (Caligiuri, 2006)

13. What Makes You Unlikely to Pursue an International Career? What Makes You Likely to Pursue an International Career?

14. Research on International Careers

15. Student Interest • ACE Survey of 1500+ college-bound high school students: • 55% were certain or fairly certain they will participate in study abroad • 35% planned to participate in an international internship. • 37 % were very interested in acquiring career-related work experience in another country. (American Council on Education, 2008)

16. Institutional Commitment “To assist students… to be useful members of a global society” The American Council on Education gathered data in 2006 from 1,052 U.S. institutions: • “Does your institution’s mission statement specifically refer to international or global education?” Yes: • Doctorate-granting (59%) • Master’s (53%) • Baccalaureate (43%) • Associate’s (27%) • Total (39%) (American Council on Education, 2008)

17. Global Competency (Kedia & Mukherji, 1999)

18. Global Competency

19. Historical Perspective “The prevailing wisdom of the late 20th century was that organizations could build loyal workforces socialized in organizational careers. Under this model, global careers were limited largely to expatriate assignments, conceptualized as international segments of organizational careers.” “Destabilization of careers in the restructuring of the 1980s and 1990s caused a major revision of the organizational careers view. Careers appeared increasingly to be under the control of the individual rather than the organization, and became boundaryless, meaning that they crossed traditional organizational boundaries.” (Carr, Inkson, & Thorn, 2005)

20. Boundaryless Careers • The nature of global work is shifting away from a model of hierarchy, efficiency, and centralized control to a model of teamwork, partnership, and decentralization. (Kedia & Mukherji, 1999) • It is no longer just the largest multinational corporations that are global in scope, instead even small and medium organizations are likely to have some combination of foreign suppliers, partners, employees, shareholders, or customers. (Caligiuri, 2006) • Organizations are increasingly using other methods of meeting workforce needs such as short-term assignments, localized transfer, international commuting, and extended business travel. (Cappellen and Janssens, 2005)

21. Boundaryless Careers • The boundaryless global career is described as: • Movement across boundaries of separate nations • Drawing validation from outside the present nation • Sustained by international networks or information • Breaking traditional national career boundaries • Rejection of national career opportunities for personal or family reasons • Perceiving a boundaryless future regardless of geographical constraints (Carr, Inkson, & Thorn, 2005)

22. Impact of Study Abroad Surveys of 3700+ students from 500+colleges who had studied abroad from 1950-1999: 17% participated in internship or field experience abroad, of those 63% agreed that it “assisted or influenced my career” 62% agreed that the study abroad experience “ignited interest in a career direction pursued” 65% agreed that study abroad experience “enhanced ability to speak foreign language used in the workplace” 49% agreed “provided me with an internship experience that shaped my career path” 17% agreed “Influenced me to get a job overseas” (Norris & Gillespie, 2002)

23. Impact of Study Abroad • Of all respondents, 48% reported working or volunteering in a globally oriented position at some point since college. • Types of positions: private industry (21%), education (14%), NGO employee (8%), NGO volunteer (8%), U.S. government employee (5%), Consultant (4%), other government employee (2%), other (6%) • Comparing study abroad participants in the 50s and 60s, to those in the 90s, the ones in the 90s were: • Almost two times as likely to have been influenced to get a job overseas • Three times more likely to have worked for a MNC • Twice as likely to have worked in a private industry with an international component • Ten times more likely to have participated in an internship while studying abroad (Norris & Gillespie, 2002)

24. Impact of Study Abroad • The characteristics of study-abroad programs that seem to lead to global work are: • language of instruction other than English (62% more likely) • longer programs (full year programs 40% more likely) • taking host university courses (24% more likely) • participating in internship while abroad (20% more likely) • more likely if they lived with host family (Norris & Gillespie, 2002)

25. Career Pathways Interviews with 48 American expatriates working in 38 for-profit companies in Hong Kong, Taipei, Beijing, Tokyo, and Seoul. Top ten strategies were: Obtain work at MNC at company HQ Study abroad in U.S. based program Study foreign language Move to foreign country of choice and actively seek employment Engage in international travel Obtain international internship Find international business mentor Study in an international business/relations major Study abroad in foreign based program Teach English abroad Note: Those interviewed discouraged international non-profit work as a way to get into international business Three predicted outcomes were not found: Working in U.S. in international trade, regular international correspondence, U.S. based travel and tourism employment. (Vance , 2005)

26. Career Pathways (Vance, 2005) Taxonomy of self-initiating career paths:

27. Career Pathways (Vance, 2005)

28. How to FindInternational Careers

29. Ways to Find Work Abroad Get a job with a U.S. company or organization that does overseas work Get a job with a foreign company or organization that works in the U.S. Get an internship abroad Volunteer abroad Do freelance work Teach English abroad Network with alumni Go abroad and get whatever work you can find (teaching, restaurant, etc.)

30. Where to FindInternational Careers

31. Which U.S. Government agencies offer international careers?

32. Federal Government • US Agency for International Development • Agricultural/rural development • Contract/commodity managers • Democracy officers • Education officers • Human resource officers • Environment/natural resources • Financial managers • Health/population/nutrition officers • Housing/urban development • Private enterprise officers

33. Federal Government (Cont.) • Foreign Service/Department of State • Tracks: Political, Economic, Administrative, Consular, Public diplomacy • Public Diplomacy & Public Affairs/DOS (formerly US Information Agency) • International Broadcasting Bureau (including former Voice of America) • Export-Import Bank of US

34. Federal Government (Cont.) • US Dept of Commerce • Office of Market Access and Compliance • Office of Trade Development • Office of Import Administration • Bureau of Export Administration • Foreign Commercial Service • Office of the Deputy Assistant for Tourism • Economics and Statistics Administration • National Telecommunications and Information Administration/Office of International Affairs • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

35. Federal Government (Cont.) • US Dept of Agriculture • Foreign Agriculture Service • US Dept of Energy • Office of Policy and International Affairs • US Dept of Health and Human Services • Office of Refugee Resettlement • US Dept of Justice • Office of International Affairs • National Science Foundation • Division of International Programs

36. Federal Government (Cont.) • US Dept of Labor • Bureau of International Labor Affairs • US Dept of Transportation • Maritime Administration • Federal Aviation Administration • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • US Dept of Justice • Office of International Affairs • Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

37. Federal Government(Cont.) Office of the US Trade Representative US Trade Commission Federal Reserve System Overseas Private Investment Corporation Inter-American Foundation Peace Corps National Aeronautics and Space Administration Library of Congress

38. U.S. Intelligence • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) • Defense Intelligence Agency • National Security Agency (NSA) • Department of Defense (DOD) • International Security Affairs Division • Department of Homeland Security (DHS) • US Citizenship and Immigration Service • Immigration and Customs Enforcement • Customs and Border Protection • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

39. Which United Nations agencies offer international careers?

40. United Nations • United Nations Secretariat Departments (NYC & Geneva) • Peacekeeping Operations • Economic and Social Affairs • Disarmament Affairs • Political Affairs • Public Information • Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance • Positions related to political analysis, economics, social and humanitarian work, management and finance, public relations, information technology

41. United Nations Agencies UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) UN Conference on Trade and Development UN Development Program (UNDP) UN Development Fund for Women UN Volunteers UN Environment Programme UN High Commission for Refugees UN Institute for Training and Research UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

42. United Nations Agencies UN Fund for Population Activities World Food Programme Int’l Fund for Agricultural Development International Labour Organization UN Industrial Development Organization World Health Organization International Atomic Energy Agency World Bank International Monetary Fund World Trade Organization Asian Development Bank

43. What sectors of the Business field offer international career opportunities?

44. International Business Major US Multinational Corporations: Berkshire Hathaway Boeing Chevron Texaco ExxonMobil General Electric IBM Johnson & Johnson

45. International Business Major US Multinational Corporations: Merck Microsoft Pfizer Philip Morris Companies Procter & Gamble SBC Communications Wal-Mart Stores

46. International Business Major Non-US Multinational Corporations: British Petroleum Daimler Chrysler Royal Dutch/Shell Group Toyota Motor Mitsubishi Mitsui & Co. Total Fina Elf Nippon Telephone & Telegraph

47. International Business Major Non-US Multinational Corporations: Itochu Allianz Worldwide ING Group Volkswagon Group Siemens Group Sumitomo Marubeni

48. International Business Major Consulting Firms: A.T. Kearney Inc Bain & Company Booz Allen Hamilton Boston Consulting Group McKinsey and Company The Monitor Group Accenture PricewaterhouseCoopers Deloitte & Touche Consulting Cap Gemeni Earnst & Young Bearing Point

49. What sectors of the Non-Profit/NGO field offer international career opportunities?

50. Non-Profit Organizations/ NGOs Research and Think Tanks: The Brookings Institution Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Center for Strategic and International Studies Council on Foreign Relations East-West Institute Institute for International Economics International Center for Research on Women International Development Research Center Social Science Research Council Worldwatch Institute