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Meteorology 100.2 Introduction to Meteorology

Spring 2009 Tuesday 6:00 PM - 8:50 PM Thornton 604 COURSE WEB SITE: http://funnel.sfsu.edu/courses/metr100.2/ or http:// ggweather.com/met100.html SYLLABUS: http://funnel.sfsu.edu/courses/metr100.2/syllabus.htm. Meteorology 100.2 Introduction to Meteorology. Meteorology 100.

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Meteorology 100.2 Introduction to Meteorology

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  1. Spring 2009 • Tuesday 6:00 PM - 8:50 PM • Thornton 604 • COURSE WEB SITE: http://funnel.sfsu.edu/courses/metr100.2/ orhttp://ggweather.com/met100.html SYLLABUS: http://funnel.sfsu.edu/courses/metr100.2/syllabus.htm Meteorology 100.2Introduction to Meteorology

  2. Meteorology 100 • The one science we deal with every day • Impacts on all aspects of our society • What does it affect? • “Weather Appreciation” • Fundamentals of the atmosphere • Storms, Tornadoes, Hurricanes • El Niño, La Niña • Climate Change • No Prior Knowledge of Math or Meteorology

  3. Meteorology 100 • Essentials of Meteorology” • C. Donald Ahrens, 5th edition (or 4thed) • Bookstore • or Check Amazon and half.com • or http://www.ichapters.com • or Copy in Reserve Book Room • Internet Access Essential

  4. Jan Null, CCM • BS Atmospheric Science, UC Davis, 1974 • MA Geography (Climate), SJ State, 1992 • National Weather Service 1974-1997 • Adjunct Professor of Meteorology – SFSU since 1987 • Golden Gate Weather Services since 1998 • Forensic Meteorology • Consulting (Engineering, Media, 400+ Interviews) • Forecasting (PG&E, Media) • Research areas (El Nino, Hyperthermia) • Projects (AMNH, BASOC)

  5. House Rules • Common Courtesy Please • Cell phones & pagers • On silent or OFF • If you HAVE to take a call go outside • No text messaging • No MP3 players during class • TH604 Classroom and Personal Laptops • Only before class and breaks • ABSOLUTELY NO FOOD or DRINKS IN PROXIMITY OF CLASSROOM COMPUTERS

  6. Weather vs. Climate • Weather • What is Going on in the Atmosphere Now • Climate • Weather History • "Climate is what you expect,Weather is what you get". ~ R. Heinlein 

  7. Course Plan • Lecture based • Fast Paced – LOTS OF MATERIAL • Supplemented by Ahrens’ text • Supplemented by web • Supplemented by AV material • IMPORTANT NOTE: There is as much important material, plus classwork and homework, after the break each week • All PowerPoints posted to class website

  8. Tentative Course Plan • Homework/Classwork • (100 pts, 12 assignments @ 10 pts each) • Tests: All Multiple Choice • 2 midterms (100 pts each) • Final (200 pts) • Term Paper (200 pts) • 6 - 10 pages TOTAL 700 POINTS • Extra Credit Term Paper (75 Pts)

  9. Course Plan • Grading • 90% = A etc. • Adjusted curve • Integrity DO NOT PLAGARIZE ! Zero Tolerance!

  10. Contact Info • Office Hours • TH 613 • Tuesday 1700-1800 • Contact Info • (GGWX Office) 408-379-7500 • (Cell) 510-928-2824 • (SFSU Office) 415-338-7728 • jnull@ggweather.com {preferred}

  11. Weather Review Visible Satellite image

  12. Weather Review Visible Satellite image

  13. Weather Review Visible Satellite image

  14. Weather Review Infrared Satellite image

  15. Weather Review Enhanced Infrared Satellite image

  16. Weather Review

  17. Weather Review

  18. Weather Review

  19. Weather Review

  20. Weather Review

  21. Weather Review

  22. Weather Review

  23. Who are You? • Name ? • Major? • Answer one of the following: • - Where do you get your weather information? • If TV, who (or what station) do you watch most? • If Internet, what site? • - Why are you taking this course? • - What particular meteorology topics interest you?

  24. History Of Weather • Agrarian civilization based on weather • Early Greek philosophers tied together science, philosophy and religion • Mythology • Eos gave birth to Boreas, Zephyris, Notus, Eurus • Zeus – Lord of the Sky, Rain God, Storm God • Greek Science • Thales of Miletus (600 BC) • Early founder Greek Science

  25. History Of Weather • Aristotle (~340 BC) • Meteorologica– • Four “contraries”: hot, cold, moist, dry • Four “elements”: fire, air, water, earth • Explained (?): aurora, comets, halos, winds, seas, thunder, earthquakes etc • Generally incorrect !! • Theophrastus (~ 330 BC) • Book of Signs • Weather forecasting from empirical rules

  26. History Of Weather • Renaissance (14th – 17th Centuries) • Age of Instrumentation • anemometer – Alberti (1450) • hygrometer – da Vinci (1486) • thermoscope – Galileo (1607) • mercury barometer – Torricelli (1643) • weather chart – Halley (1686) • mercury thermometer – Fahrenheit (1714) • temperature scale – Celsius (1742)

  27. History Of Weather • Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) • “Some are weather-wise, some are otherwise” • 1752 - Observed lightning was electrical • Network of weather observers • George Hadley • 1735 – Global Circulation • Luke Howard (1772-1864) • Classified clouds • Admiral Francis Beaufort • 1806 - Empirical Wind Scale

  28. History Of Weather • 20th Century • Coriolis Effect • Norwegian Polar Front Theory • World War II • Cyclogenesis Theory • Radar • Jet Stream

  29. History Of Weather • Most Significant Modern Advances • Computer Models • Weather Satellites • TIROS April 1960 • Doppler radar • New Understandings • El Nino • Global Warming

  30. Weather Extremes • Temperature • What’s the hottest you have experienced? • Maximum • World 136 ° Libya • United States 134 ° Death Valley • California 134 ° Death Valley • San Francisco 103 ° • How many times has SF reached 100 degrees?

  31. Weather Extremes • Humidity • Which of these cities has the highest annual average afternoon Relative Humidity? • Honolulu • Miami • Atlanta • San Francisco

  32. Weather Extremes • Humidity • Which city has the highest annual average afternoon Relative Humidity? • Honolulu (56%) • Miami (61%) • Atlanta (56%) • San Francisco (62%) • Why this apparent contradiction?

  33. Weather Extremes • Temperature • Minimum • World -129 ° Antarctica • United States -80 ° Prospect Creek, AK • California -45 ° Boca Reservoir • San Francisco +27 ° • How many times has SF had freezing temperatures?

  34. Weather Extremes • Rainfall • 1 Hour Maximum • World - 15.78” Shangdu, China • United States - 12” Holt, MO (~42 minutes) • California - 4.70” Palomar • San Francisco - 1.92” • 24 Hour Maximum • World 73.62” La Reunion Island • United States 43.00” Alvin, TX • California 26.12” Hoegees Camp • San Francisco 6.19”

  35. Weather Extremes • Rainfall • 1 Year Maximum • World 1041” Cherrapunji, India • United States 704” Kukui, Hawaii • California 257.9” Camp 9 • San Francisco 49.27”

  36. Weather Extremes • Highest Normal* Annual Rainfall • World 523” Lloro, Columbia • United States 460” Mt. Waialeale, HI • California 104.2” Honeydew • San Francisco 22.44” • * Normal – defined as 30-year average

  37. Weather Extremes • Snowfall • Have You Ever Seen Snow? In San Francisco? • 1 Year Maximum • World 1140” Mt. Baker, WA • California 884” Tamarack, CA • San Francisco 3.7”

  38. Weather Extremes • Maximum Wind Gusts • World – 231 mph Mt Washington, NH • California – 176 mph Ward Peak (Alpine Meadows) • SFO – 78 mph • Hurricanes • 190 mph sustained (Typhoon Tip) • Tornadoes • ~ 300 mph

  39. Weather Extremes • Thunderstorms • Genesis of • Lightning (and Thunder) • Hail • Downbursts • Tornadoes • Hurricanes

  40. Weather Extremes • Other Perspectives on Thunderstorms • Angels Bowling? • or

  41. Weather Extremes A little girl walked to and from school daily. Though the weather that morning was questionable and clouds were forming, she made her daily trek to the elementary school. As the afternoon progressed, the winds whipped up, along with lightning. The mother of the little girl felt concerned that her daughter would be frightened as she walked home from school and she feared the electrical storm might harm her child. Full of concern, the mother quickly got into her car and drove along the route to her child's school. As she did, she saw her little girl walking along. At each flash of lightning, the child would stop, look up, and smile. Another and another flash of lighting followed quickly and with each, the little girl would look at the streak of light and smile. When the mother's car drew up beside the child, she lowered the window and called to her 'What are you doing?' The child answered, 'I am trying to look pretty because God keeps taking my picture.’

  42. Weather Extremes • United States (World) largest Hail Record • June 22, 2003 – Aurora Nebraska • 7” diameter, 18.75” circumferance, 1.33 lbs. • World Heaviest Hail Record • 2.25 pounds - Bangladesh

  43. Weather Basics • Air is a Fluid • Warm Air Rises • Air Flows from High to Low Pressure • Differential Heating drives the weather • Rising Air Cools by Expansion… and Cooling causes Condensation to occur • Sinking Air Warms by Compression and Warming causes evaporation to occur

  44. Weather Elements • Temperature • Precipitation ( ? ) • Winds • Humidity • Pressure • Cloud Cover • Visibility

  45. Key Words • Computer Models • Satellite Imagery • Visible • Infrared (i.e., thermal) • Normal

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