Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)

1. Myers’ EXPLORINGPSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 11 Emotions, Stress and Health

2. Emotion • Emotion • a response of the whole organism • _________________ • _________________ • _________________

3. Theories of Emotion • Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

4. Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) _________________ • __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) _________________ • ________________________________________________________ • physiological responses • subjective experience of emotion

6. Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) Cognitive label “I’m afraid” _________________ • To experience emotion one must: • be physically aroused • _________________

7. Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Increases Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decreases secretion of stress hormones EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS Emotion and Physiology

8. Emotion - Lie Detectors • Polygraph • machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies • measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion • perspiration • cardiovascular • breathing changes

9. Emotion - A Polygraph Examination

10. Emotion - Lie Detectors • 50 Innocents • 50 Thieves • 1/3 of innocent declared guilty • 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

11. Expressed Emotion • People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001a)

12. 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Number of expressions Women Men Sad Happy Scary Film Type Expressed Emotion • Gender and expressiveness

13. Expressed Emotion • _________________

14. Experienced Emotion • Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

15. Experienced Emotion • _________________ • emotional release • catharsis hypothesis • “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges • Feel-good, do-good phenomenon • people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

16. However, Happiness Seems Unrelated to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise Happiness is...

17. Stress and Illness • _____________ • the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

18. Response Appraisal Threat (“Yikes! This is beyond me!”) Panic, freeze up Stressful event (tough math test) Challenge (“I’ve got to apply all I know”) Aroused, focused Stress Appraisal

19. The body’s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in Stress resistance Stressor occurs Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) Phase 2 Resistance (cope with stressor) Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted) Stress and Illness • ___________________________________ • Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages

20. Stress and Health • _________________ • subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

21. 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Hopelessness scores Men who feel extreme hopelessness are at greater risk for heart attacks and early death Heart attack Death Low risk Moderate risk High risk Stress and the Heart

22. Stress and the Heart • _________________ • clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle • leading cause of death in many developed countries

23. Stress and the Heart • _________________ • Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people • _________________ Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

24. Stress and Disease • _________________ • “mind-body” illness • any stress-related physical illness • some forms of hypertension • some headaches • distinct from hypochondria— misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

25. Stress and Disease • _________________ • two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system • B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections • T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

26. UCS (drug) UCR (immune suppression) CS (sweetened water) UCS (drug) UCR (immune suppression) CS (sweetened water) CR (immune suppression) Stress and Disease • Conditioning of immune suppression

27. 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Depression score No-treatment group Relaxation treatment group Aerobic exercise group Before treatment evaluation After treatment evaluation Promoting Health • Aerobic Exercise • sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness

28. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Percentage of patients with recurrent heart attacks (cumulative average) Control patients Modifying life-style reduced recurrent heart attacks Life-style modification patients 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Year Promoting Health • Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks

29. Percentage with high support 100% 90 80 70 60 50 12-14 18-19 25-34 45-54 65-74 15-17 20-24 35-44 55-64 75+ Age in years Promoting Health • Social support across the life span

30. Promoting Health • Religious Attendance