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AP Biology

This article explores the signal transduction pathway in the endocrine system, focusing on the role of kinases and phosphotases in regulating hormone processes. It discusses the example pathway for low blood glucose and highlights the basic hormone pattern, including the involvement of the pancreas, blood vessels, liver, and target effectors. The article also discusses the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system and provides examples of negative and positive feedback loops. Additionally, it covers the tropic and nontropic effects of pituitary hormones and their target organs.

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AP Biology

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  1. AP Biology Endocrine Systems

  2. Signal Transduction Pathway

  3. Kinases “turn on” processesPhosphotases “turn off” processes

  4. Example Pathway Low blood glucose Stimulus Receptor protein Pancreas secretes glucagon ( ) Basic Hormone Pattern Endocrine cell Blood vessel Target effectors Liver Glycogen breakdown, glucose release into blood Response Simple endocrine pathway

  5. Remember the “hands” on cell membranes? (In GREEN)

  6. Hypothalamus LE 45-7 Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary ADH Oxytocin HORMONE Mammary glands, uterine muscles Kidney tubules TARGET

  7. CytokinesIL 1 – Helper T to Cytotoxic T CellIL2 – Helper T to B Cell

  8. SECRETORY CELL SECRETORY CELL Hormone molecule Hormone molecule VIA BLOOD VIA BLOOD Peptide and Monoamine Hormone Binding Signal receptor Steroid Hormone Bonding TARGET CELL TARGET CELL Signal transduction pathway Signal receptor OR Cytoplasmic response DNA Signal transduction and response mRNA DNA NUCLEUS Nuclear response Synthesis of specific proteins NUCLEUS Receptor in plasma membrane Receptor in cell nucleus

  9. TRH Examples of Negative Feedback Loops TSH

  10. Positive Feedback Loop

  11. Hypothalamus Tropic Hormones of the PosteriorPituitary Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary ADH Oxytocin HORMONE Mammary glands, uterine muscles Kidney tubules TARGET

  12. Tropic Effects Only FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone LH, luteinizing hormone TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Tropic Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Nontropic Effects Only Prolactin MSH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone Endorphin Portal vessels Nontropic and Tropic Effects Growth hormone Hypothalamic releasing hormones (red dots) Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Pituitary hormones (blue dots) FSH and LH MSH Endorphin Growth hormone HORMONE TSH ACTH Prolactin Melanocytes Thyroid Adrenal cortex Mammary glands Pain receptors in the brain Bones TARGET Testes or ovaries Liver

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