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America Abroad

America Abroad. The 1890’s brought a significant change in U.S. foreign policy as this nation began to realize its role as a world power. . I. Reasons for this New “Outward-Looking” Foreign Policy. The American “frontier” moves out into the Pacific Economic motivations -- “Open Door” Notes

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America Abroad

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  1. America Abroad The 1890’s brought a significant change in U.S. foreign policy as this nation began to realize its role as a world power.

  2. I. Reasons for this New “Outward-Looking” Foreign Policy • The American “frontier” moves out into the Pacific • Economic motivations -- “Open Door” Notes • Christian mission impulse and the “White Man’s Burden” --Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 • Global Social Darwinism

  3. I. Reasons for New Foreign Policy (cont.) • Emerging sense that U.S. was a world power --Henry Cabot Lodge • Being a “world power” meant having an empire • Need of coaling stations for a large navy --Alfred T. Mahan’s Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890)

  4. II. Alaska, Samoa and Hawaii • William Seward’s purchase of Alaska (1867) • U.S. naval base at Pago Pago, Samoa (1878) • History of U.S. influence in Hawaii --Naval Base at Pearl Harbor (1887) --Queen Liliuokalani

  5. III. A Preoccupation with Cuba • History of American fascination with Cuba • American fears related to a Cuban rebellion • Spanish crackdown in Cuba -- “reconcentrado” • “Yellow Journalism” --William Randolph Hearst vs. Joseph Pulitzer

  6. IV. The Role of Chance and Accident • Congress endorsed Cuban independence (April, 1896) • Spanish begin to treat Cuba more cautiously • DeLome letter (February 9, 1898) • Explosion of the USS Maine (February 15, 1898)

  7. IV. The Role of Chance and Accident (cont.) • McKinley’s reluctance to call for war • Spanish offer a virtual surrender • Congressional resolution on Cuban Independence --Teller Amendment • Declaration of War

  8. V. “A Splendid Little War” • Short, few casualties, and an easy victory over a weak opponent • Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Philippines • US army occupies the Philippines (August, 1898) • US invasion of Cuba --The “Rough Riders” • Results of the War

  9. VI. The Question of the Empire • Accidental nature of empire-building • Argument for the occupation of the Philippines • Anti-imperialist sentiment in the U.S. • Close vote on the treaty in the Senate

  10. VII. Post-War Problems with the Philippines • Expectation of the Filipino leaders • U.S.-Filipino fighting for another 3 years • Taft as Military Governor of the Islands • U.S. influence on post-war Philippines • Full Independence for the Philippines (1946)

  11. VIII. What to do with Cuba? • Occupation of Cuba after the War • Walter Reed’s work against Yellow Fever in Cuba • New Cuban constitution --Platt Amendment (1901) • Later interventions into Cuba --FDR’s “Good Neighbor Policy” (1933)

  12. IX. The Foreign Policy of Theodore Roosevelt • More of a peacemaker than his rhetoric would indicate • Nobel Peace Prize (1906) • Tensions between U.S. and Japan • Taft-Katsura agreement (1905) • “Great White Fleet” (1907-1909)

  13. X. Acquisition of the Panama Canal • Historical significance of the Isthmus of Panama • Negotiation with Colombia and the “New Panama Canal Company” • Engineering a revolution in Panama • Created tension with Latin American nations • Canal = huge national security value

  14. XI. Early Latin American Policy • The tradition of “Gunboat Diplomacy” • The “Roosevelt Corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine (1904) • US intervention in the Dominican Republic (1905) • Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” --example: intervention into Nicaragua (1912) • Wilson’s lack of experience in foreign affairs • William Jennings Bryan’s “grape juice diplomacy”

  15. XI. Early Latin American Policy (cont.) • Wilson’s moralistic protest of foreign interventions • Continued to intervene anyway • Wilson’s refusal to recognize the Mexican government led by Huerta • Pershing chases Pancho Villa (1915-1917)

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