BACTERIA

1. BACTERIA

2. Bacteria • Small in size, no nucleus or membranous organelles • Cell wall • Cocci • Bacilli • Spirilla • Vibrios • Gram-positive • Gram-negative

3. Examples of bacterial diseases • Streptococcal sore throat, chlamydia, bronchitis, bacterial meningitis, gonorrhea, syphilis, TB, some pneumonias, e. coli, Lyme disease • Bacteria may secrete toxins or enzymes that destroy cells or interfere with cell funtion.

4. Anthrax • Bacteria that, in some cases, leads to death • B. anthracic • Three types: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation (or respiratory)

5. Anthrax continued • Lives in soil • Humans become infected by handling infected products. • Highly contagious but… • Good news… It is rare in the U.S. • Symptoms: • Fever >100, flu-like symptoms, cough, chest discomfort, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, headaches, nausea, a sore that starts as a raised bump

6. Anthrax Treatment and Prevention • Antibiotics soon after infection is vital • Vaccine is available but not widely distributed. • Anthrax as bioterrorism threat.

7. Cholera • V. cholerae found in shallow wells, rivers, and streams – easily spread • Not possible to spread from person to person • Spreads through dense populations due to lack of cleanliness

8. Cholera • WHO: estimates that 3-5 million cases occur each year • 100,000 deaths • Approximately 1 in 20 (5%) will develop severe disease and die.

9. Cholera symptoms • Profuse watery diarrhea • “rice-water stools” • Vomiting • Rapid heart rate • Loss of skin elasticity • Dry mucous membranes • Low blood pressure • Thirst • Muscle cramps • Irritability

10. Cholera Treatment and Prevention • Treatment • Liquid Replacement Therapy • Antibiotics / Vaccine • Prevention • Drink only bottled, boiled, or treated water • Wash hands! • Be careful of foods • Dispose of feces

11. e. coli • E. coli normally live in the intestines. • Most strains of e. coli are harmless • Harmful e. coli are transmitted through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected person.

12. E. coli symptoms • Severe stomach cramps • Diarrhea (usually bloody) • Vomiting • Fever (low grade) • Treatment / Prevention

13. Salmonella

14. Salmonella continued • 42,000 cases reported every year. • Causes diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps • A result of contaminated food, water, or contact with infected animals.

15. Salmonella in the news… • Current salmonella outbreak in peanut butter. • Affecting 19 states so far

16. Preventing Salmonella • Cook poultry, ground beef and eggs thoroughly • Some foods not that obvious • Thoroughly wash produce • Watch for cross contamination • Wash your hands.

17. Botulism • Caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria • Rare but serious – causes paralysis if left untreated. • Five types of botulism: • Foodborne • Wound • Infant • Adult intestinal • Iatrogenic

18. Botulism continued • Botulism is found in soil • 145 cases reported each year • 15% Foodborne • 65% Infant • 20% wound

19. Botulism • Symptoms include: • Double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, muscle weakness. • Antitoxin is available for treatment

20. Botulism prevention • Proper food handling • Especially in food preservation • Be wary of dented, bulging cans • Botulism’s not all bad….

21. Tetanus • Acute, often fatal, disease caused by an exotoxin from Clostridium tetani bacteria. • Usually enters the body through a wound • The most common form of tetanus is generalized tetanus.

22. Tetanus • First sign is trismus or lockjaw, then stiffness of the neck, difficulty swallowing and finally rigidity of abdominal muscles. • Treatment / Prevention: • Clean wounds thoroughly • Get vaccinated • Need booster every 10 years.

23. Pertussis • AKA: Whooping cough or 100 day cough • Bordetella pertussis • Was one of the most common childhood diseases and major cause of childhood mortality

24. Pertussis • Starts out like a cold • But cough becomes more severe • Cough characterized by high pitch whoop. • Child may turn cyanotic, cough more at night, or even vomit due to coughing attack.

26. Streptococcus • Strep throat • Sore throat for more than 1 week • Temperature >100.4 • Pus on back of throat • Possible rash • However: • Most sore throats are not caused by bacteria

27. Antibiotics • Target bacterial cell wall • Target cell membrane • Inhibit protein synthesis targets in bacterial machinery • Interfere with bacterial metabolism, DNA, and RNA synthesis

28. Antibiotic Resistance • “One of the world’s most pressing public health problems.” (CDC, 2012) • What exactly is it? • Factors: • Parental pressure • Allergies • Farming • Time / money

29. “Friendly” Bacteria • Most bacteria are non-pathogenic • Some bacteria are beneficial • Ex: Bacteria keeps yeast in check. • Antibiotics kill bacteria; yeast infection occurs

30. What about yogurt? • Yogurt with live acidophilus cultures: • Help protect “good” bacteria • Limits stomach upset

31. Probiotics • Probiotics: “live microorganisms, which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host.” (Chiodo, 2011, pg. 1) • Dates back to Roman times • Much more popular now • Found in certain foods: • Yogurt, fermented and unfermented milk, kefir, miso, tempeh, some juices, soy beverages.

32. Prebiotics • “Non-digestible food ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial microorganisms already in people’s colons.” (Chiodo, 2011, pg. 6) • Found in artichokes, bananas, barley, berries, chicory, garlic, honey, legumes, leeks, oats, and onions.