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Mutations and Punnet Squares

Mutations and Punnet Squares. Implications of DNA . Warm Up 2/28/12. List the 3 types of RNA. What is the difference between RNA and DNA. Draw a quick diagram to show how translation works. Which base pair is present in RNA that is not present in DNA. . Announcements.

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Mutations and Punnet Squares

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  1. Mutations and Punnet Squares Implications of DNA

  2. Warm Up 2/28/12 • List the 3 types of RNA. • What is the difference between RNA and DNA. • Draw a quick diagram to show how translation works. • Which base pair is present in RNA that is not present in DNA.

  3. Announcements • Be sure to retake your tests if you have not already. • Check the bin AT THE END OF CLASS. Its contents will go in the trash at 4:15 today. Don’t ask me where your stuff is if you left it here. • I will not be here on Monday (science flex day). No tutoring afterschool.

  4. DNA pre-lab questions • How does transcription begin? • What happens during transcription? • What happens during translation?

  5. Behavior Warning: • If you do not behave complete the alternate assignment on the board. • It will be a TEST grade!

  6. Copy the table in your notebook • Label the top of your notebook properties and observations.

  7. Observations • What did you observe when you extracted the DNA? • Where is the DNA located in a wheat germ cell? • Why did we need detergent in the experiment? What does detergent do for greasy dishes? • What would happen if the wheat germ and detergent were not mixed properly?

  8. Conclusions • What would happen if you toasted the wheat germ? Would the experiment work the same? Why or why not? • Would DNA from a single cell be visible to the naked eye? • The lab we just did is used by scientists to obtain DNA. Give some real world examples of how DNA is used in the world. Why is it useful?

  9. Warm Up 3/01/12 • Name the base pair that is present in RNA but not DNA. • What does PMAT stand for? • How many offspring come from asexual reproduction? • How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction. • Which type of reproduction produces genetic variation. (Hint: Variation means the offspring is different from the parent?)

  10. Announcements • Your progress reports will be handed out tomorrow. • Any missing grades will be placed as zeros. • If you want to pull your grade up there are several assignments on my wikipage that will count as extra credit. Assignments: 2 projects and a extra credit quiz. Don’t ask me for help at the end of the quarter. I will have no sympathy for you 

  11. What happens if your DNA sequence changes? • Differences or variations in DNA are what make one organism different from another. • Differences in genes affect peoples height, eye and hair color, etc. • This could cause major changes…… • XMEN

  12. Mistakes in DNA • Because there are so many base pairs in the DNA of an organism, sometimes mistakes can occur. • DNA can also be affected by its environment. For example, certain types of radiation can damage DNA. • Any change in DNA is called a mutation. • Cells have different ways to correct these mistakes.

  13. Mutations • When mutations occur in a gene, the wrong amino acid may be placed in the amino acid chain. • If this happens there are 3 possible outcomes: • The mutation causes no effect. • The effect of the mutation is minor. • The effect of the mutation is great.

  14. What happens in this case? • If mutations are minor, it could mean that a persons eye or hair color could be different. • If mutations are major, it could mean that a person could have an increased or decreased resistance to a disease. This could be good or bad. • All mutations are not bad! • All mutations are not harmful to the organism! • It all depends on what happens to the genes when it does not code properly.

  15. Case Study Sickle Cell • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=15698172-2753-4D3C-B07F-F2A6E4C09B65&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=DSC

  16. Mutations having more than one effect • Sickle cell is a recessive disorder- only people that carry two recessive alleles are affected. • Thus, some people can get it while others just carry the trait. • See page C147.

  17. Cancer • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=6CAE393A-3C06-4FD8-BCE1-4FDF3CBAE36D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

  18. Case Study Cancer • Most forms of cancer are caused by mutations to DNA that happen during a persons lifetime. • Some are caused by mistakes during replication while others are caused by harmful chemicals known as carcinogens. • Some people inherit a tendency to get a particular type of cancer, but it may not occur.

  19. Guided practice Think back to the XMEN clip we watched at the beginning of class and answer the following questions: • Imagine that scientists found a way to eradicate all mutations as seen in the clip. Would that be considered a good or bad thing? Explain why? • What impact would that have on human beings? How would it affect our population, our ability to fight diseases, genetic variation etc.

  20. Independent practice Write a response to the claim below: “Mutations cause bad things to happen to organisms because we cannot control them”.

  21. Warm Up 3/2/12 • Mutations are changes to a persons ______________. • True or false: “All mutations have an effect on an organism.” 3. Mutations can lead to genetic disorders such as ___________________________. 4. True or False: “Mutations can only be caused by environmental factors.” 5. True or false: “All mutations are harmful”

  22. Announcements • Monday I have a meeting afterschool so there will be no tutoring. You may make up a test if need be. • My meeting starts at 5:30 so you MUST be gone by 5:25.

  23. Quick recap • Think about the clip we watched yesterday from Xmen about mutants? • The doctors created a “cure” for mutants. That all mutants must take? • Based on your knowledge of mutations, what would happen in real life if doctors could get rid of genetic mutations?

  24. Implications of mutations • A genetic disorder is a disease or condition that results from mutations that affect the normal functioning of a cell. • These can be inherited (sickle cell) or can result from mutations that occur during a persons lifetime (cancer). • Some genetic disorders are carried through a pedigree meaning you are more likely to get it.

  25. Key Points…Mutations and Beyond • Scientists can change organisms by changing DNA. • Technology is used in the process of changing DNA in order to alter (change) different organisms. • There is controversy surrounding the change of organisms DNA and the impact that it has on our society.

  26. Selective breeding • This is the process of selecting and breeding different parent organisms in order to pass on particular traits to offspring. • For example: dog breeding • People breed different breeds of dogs in order to get certain traits.

  27. BishonFrise + King Cavalier Spaniel

  28. = the Cavachon

  29. How this works with technology • Dog breeding has gone on for centuries. • It takes desired traits from each dog breed and passes them on in order to get the perfect dog breed.

  30. Genetic engineering • This is the process where a sequence of DNA from an organism is selected and then placed into the sequence of DNA from a new organism. • When this happens, the new organism’s DNA changes.

  31. Other effects….plants • Genetic modification in plants may cause different effects. For example, -plants may be resistant to diseases -plants may grow bigger -plants may grow faster -plants may grow their own pesticides reducing the amounts that farmers have to uses.

  32. Guided practice questions • Draw a T chart on your side of your notebook. Compare and contrast the differences between mutations and genetic modifications? • When I tell you to do so, compare your answer with a person sitting next to you. DO NOT GET OUT OF YOUR SEAT!

  33. Independent practice Challenge Question: Mutations occur naturally in the human body while genetic modification and selective breeding are created by scientists. Which method of genetic modification is better? Be sure to defend your answer by explaining why. ONCE YOU ARE DONE: Draw your family tree! We will be talking about this next week 

  34. Warm Up 3/3/12 • Give an example of a genetically modified thing • Give an example of something that was created using selective breeding. • What is a mutation?

  35. Punnett Squares • This is a way that probability (math) is used to show how parents alleles might combine into offsprings. • Each parent has two alleles for a specific gene. An offspring receives one allele from each parent. • Punnett squares show how alleles might combine in an offspring.

  36. Announcments

  37. Food Inc.

  38. Warm Up 3/4/12 • Why are certain foods genetically modified? • What impact could that have on the human body? • Explain the difference between organic food and GMO?

  39. Announcements

  40. Food INC. • We are goin

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