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Understanding Earth Science Fundamentals

Explore the branches of Earth Science, from geology to meteorology, and learn about key concepts like observation, density, and equilibrium. Dive into the layers of Earth and how they interact in this informative guide.

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Understanding Earth Science Fundamentals

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  1. 1. The branches of Earth Science are: Geology, Astronomy, Meteorology, and Oceanography

  2. 2. Atmosphere – layer of gases that surround Earth Lithosphere – solid rock layer around Earth Hydrosphere – layer of liquid water that surround Earth Biosphere – life part of Earth

  3. 3. Mass, (volume), length, time

  4. 4. Observation – descriptions about the environment using the 5 senses . Example: The book is red.

  5. 5. Qualitative observation describes the condition or physical attributes of something. Ex. red book Quantitative observations describes the amount of something in the environment (using includes a number). Ex. 4 red books

  6. 6. Inference – an educated guess. Example: It will rain tomorrow.

  7. 7. Equilibrium – a balance between opposing forces. Example: Tug of war game

  8. 8. Interface – the boundary between 2 different materials. Example: Air and Water (pond) and weather fronts

  9. 9. Solid – L x W x H = V Liquid – measured using a graduated cylinder in mL.

  10. 10. 5.4 x 10^5 km

  11. 11. As x increase, y increases (vice versa).

  12. 12. As x increase, y decreases (vice versa).

  13. 13. As x increase, y increases and decreases.

  14. 14. As x increase, y stays the same (vice versa).

  15. 15. Example: 30°F increases to 48°F in 6 hours Rate of Change = change in field value/time Rate of Change = (48°F - 30°F) / 6 hours Rate of Change = 3°F/hr

  16. 16. Percent error = (difference between your value and accepted value / accepted value) x 100%

  17. 17. Density – amount of matter per unit volume; how tightly packed matter is. D = m / v * m = D x v * v = m / D

  18. 18. Densest – solid Least dense – gas *Except for water – densest as liquid!

  19. 19. As temperature increases, density decreases (indirect).

  20. 20. As pressure increases, density increases (direct).

  21. 21. 4°C

  22. 22. Stays the same! (Mass and Volume will also be halved so the ratio stays the same.)

  23. 23. They do NOT affect density!

  24. 24. D = 45g / 9 mL D = 5.0 g/mL

  25. 25. m = v x D m = 6 x 3 = 18.0g

  26. 26. v = m / D v = 20 / 10 = 2.0 cm^3

  27. 27. a) D = m / v b) D = 348.6g / 124.6 mL c) D = 2.8 g/mL d) Quartz – 2.65 g/mL e) Percent error = (difference between your value and accepted value / accepted value) x 100% f) % error = ((2.8-2.65) / 2.65) x 100 g) % error = 5.7 %

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