New Worlds: The Americas & Oceania

1. New Worlds: The Americas & Oceania Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

2. Colliding Worlds • 1492: Europeans brings great change to Americas & Oceania • Taino people of Caribbean first to encounter Europeans • Island of Hispaniola becomes Spanish base of operations • 1498: Santo Domingo becomes capital of Spanish Caribbean • Spanish seek to mine gold, labor provided through encomienda • Tainos forced to work in mines, emcomenderos look after workers • 1518: Smallpox arrives in Caribbean, Tainos decimated • Discovery of gold and silver in Mexico & S. America shifts focus • English, French, & Dutch come to Caribbean, start plantations • Lack of indigenous labor causes plantations to import African slaves • Caribbean society made of small European administrative class ruling over large African slave population farming cash crops

4. Spain in the Americas • Spanish focus on mainland after discovery of gold & silver • Cortes & Pizarro conquer Mexico & Peru • Establish control on own authority, give power to soldiers • Spanish monarchy eventually establishes control over lands • Bureaucrats take control of governance from conquistadores • Viceroyalties of New Spain (Mexico) & New Castile (Peru) • Capital of New Spain at Tenochtitlan, New Castile’s at Lima • New Spain stretches from Mexico City to St. Augustine, FL (1565) • New Castile from Panama (1519) to Concepcion (1550) & B.A. (1536) • Viceroys answered to Spanish king, rule vast territories • Audiencias check power of the viceroys, administer rule of small area

6. Portugal in the Americas • Treaty of Tordesillas gives Portugal small area of Americas • Named Brazil after the brazilwood trees found on coast • Pedro Alvares de Cabral finds Brazil in 1500, does not stay • French and Dutch explore Brazilian coast, Portuguese lay claim • Portuguese king grants land to nobility to colonize • Portuguese nobility copy success of African sugar plantations • Amazon remains mostly indigenous, no food/mineral surplus

8. North America • Spanish explore north of Florida, establish missions • English, French, & Dutch fishermen dislodge Spanish • French settle in Nova Scotia (1604) and Quebec (1608) • French migrants settle in eastern Canada • Explore/trade along St. Lawrence, Ohio, Mississippi rivers • Build forts along rivers all the way down to Gulf of Mexico • English settle in Jamestown, VA (1607) & Massachusetts (1630) • Dutch settle New Amsterdam (1623), English seize in 1664

10. French & English Colonial Models • Private investors take lead in French & English colonies • Investors provide money for establishment, retain more control • English colonies establish legislatures, councils, gov’t institutions • Still under loose royal rule, but responsible for self government • Virginia House of Burges • French & English do not enslave indigenous peoples • Large number of migrants displace natives from hunting lands • Indentured Servants • English, French, Dutch, German, & Irish migrants est. farms • English lay legal claim to farmlands through treaties with natives • Natives raid English farms, English retaliated violently • Native population of N. America severely diminished

11. Colonial Society In Latin America • Creoles: European whites born in America • As small number of whites, mix with indigenous majority, then Africans, new races/ethnicities emerge • Mestizos: mixed white and native • Mulattos: mixed white and black • Castas

13. English & French North America • English & French colonization takes place later • Europe wealthier, not religiously united • Colonization by companies, not military • Jamestown, tobacco, men brought to work • Indentured servants • House of Burgesses • Slave labor • Division of the Carolinas, North from VA, South from Caribbean (Barbados) • New England settled by religious Puritan pilgrims • Skills based economy, settled by families • Mid-Atlantic colonies become commercial hub • New Netherlands’s (NY) treaty with Iroquois Confederacy • Penn’s open market, Philly surpasses Boston as largest city • New France’s fur trade protected by loose network of forts

15. Changes In The Colonies • Bourbon kings reorganize Spanish gov’t • Pop. of Spanish Empire booms • Shift from mining economy to cattle • Rebellions, increased militarization to face English • England limits colonial trade and production • Bad for business back home • Expensive wars against France and Spain paid for by colonies, colonists do not like increased royal control

16. Europeans in Oceania • Australia: terra australis incognita • 1500-1600s: Dutch chart Australia • Dutch make limited landfalls, encounters with people • 1770: Captain Cook charts the eastern shore • English establish a penal colony on the continent • Migrants continue throughout nineteenth and twentieth centuries • Spanish mariners explore the Pacific (Magellan) • Spanish colonize Philippines and Guam • 1778: Captain Cook stops in Hawaii while looking for NWP • Recognizes Hawaiians as Polynesians, conducted trade • Crew transmits V.D. to Hawaiians, conflicts rise • 1800s: Europeans and Euro-Americans found throughout Pacific