Three Worlds Collide

Three Worlds Collide Peopling of America Chapter 1 Section 1

Peopling of America • Ancient People • Crossed into Alaska from Asia during the Ice Age 20,000+ yrs ago • Looking for food

Asia Present sea level America Sea level 20,000 years ago Peopling of America

Beringia Land Bridge

Hunters and Gatherers • Nomadic people moved from location to location looking for food • They could find bird eggs in 1 location, fish in another, grasses in still another

Hunters and Gatherers • The food supply for these people was uncertain • As the climate warmed, the large game died out, which were needed for food, shelter, tools and clothes

Hunters and Gatherers • As the climate warmed, game got smaller and faster. • Ice melted and sea levels rose causing the land bridge to disappear • Weapons changed accordingly • Some seeds were planted

Agriculture • Between 10,000 and 5,000 years ago people began to plant seeds • Eventually, they saw that most of their food came from crops and their nomadic ways could end

Agriculture • With a more dependable food supply, populations increase, permanent houses are constructed and need for pottery begins.

Empires of Latin America Olmec – on the Gulf of Mexico Inca – Andes Mts. Maya – in the Yucatan Aztec – Central Mexico

Ancient Desert Farmers • The desert dwellers built homes in the sides of steep cliffs • Though water is not plentiful in the Gila and Salt River Valleys, these people grew corn, squash, and peppers

Ancient Desert Farmers • The Hohokam and Anasazi settled here about 1000 BC

Mound Builders • People near the Mississippi River, the Adena, Hopewell and Mississ- ippian, made mounds shaped like animals and birds.

Their fate? • These Indian groups were the ancestors of the Indians who were here when European explorers and colonists arrived.

Three Worlds Collide North American and West African Societies – 1492 Chapter 1 Section 2 and 3

Diverse Societies • California’s varied geography and climates led to a variety of cultures, from mountain dwellers to those dependant upon the ocean.

Diverse Societies • The people of the Pacific Northwest depended upon the ocean for food. • The made totem poles and canoes from the large trees • They held potlatches, where they gave all their possessions away.

Diverse Societies • The Kwakiult, Nootka, and Haida of the Pacific Northwest, collected shells and used whales for food and shelter.

Diverse Societies • The Indians of the Southwest faced a harsh climate dominated by drought. • They built pueblos from desert sand and irrigated their fields using advanced systems

Diverse Societies • The Indians of the Eastern Woodlands, like the Iroquois, had a varied diet, depending on the forest for food • In the southern area, they grew corn and squash. • These are the Indians who met the first English colonists.

Culture Patterns • Using materials or crafts from their areas, the Indians developed trade routes that went as far as New England to Mexico. • Page 11 of your text lists many items used by different Indian cultures.

Culture Patterns • Indians did not believe it was possible to “own” land any more than it was possible to own the air. • Land was not a commodity to be bought or sold, but life itself. • This attitude was very different from the Europeans who plowed and fenced everything.

Culture Patterns • Indians lived close to the land and their religion reflected that. • Their religion was filled with spirits and passed generations ‘lived’ to guide present generations. Sun Kachina

Culture Patterns • Indians formed strong family ties, kinship, among its tribal members • Tasks were divided between men and women, but differed depending on the tribe • Many were matriarchal, or kept ties through the mother’s family • Others were patriarchal

West African Societies • Although geographically isolated, Western Africa was connected to the world through trade. • Trade routes led across deserts to port cities and then to Asia and Europe

West African Societies • Timbuktu was the trading hub where the Sahara meets the Niger. • Islam was also spread along trade routes in northern and western Africa.

West African Societies • The Portuguese traded with Africans along the west coast • By the 1470, the Portuguese had established a trading post near the goldfields of Akan • They began trading for African slaves

West African Societies • After claiming 2 small islands off the coast of Africa, the Portuguese brought slaves to work the plantations.

Three African Kingdoms • The Songhai flourished from about 600-1600 AD. • They controlled all trade going through their lands, charging taxes to use trade routes. • With their vast wealth, they could raise large armies

Three African Kingdoms • The forested areas of Benin were never overtaken by the Songhai • They carried out trade on the rivers along the southern coast of west Africa • Their great walled city exchanged ambassadors with Portugal

Three African Kingdoms • Within the rainforests of Kongo in western central Africa was an empire of over 4 million people • The Portuguese were amazed at the similarities between the Kongo of the 1400’s and their own country

West African Culture • Family ties within African communities were strong, many matrilineal, following the mother’s line • Often, the eldest male controlled and made all decisions for all of his descendants, including his extended family

West African Culture • Their religions remained predominately animist, belief in animal spirits. • Although Islam and Christianity were brought to Africa, they were not widely accepted.

West African Culture • People made livings farming, mining, herding and trading. • On the savannah, farmers made rice paddies, a skill that will make these people a desired commodity in the Americas

West African Culture • Slave labor existed in Africa, as well as in many other societies. • It was not a class that one was born into and freedom was available to most slaves • Slavery that developed in the Americas was unlike anything seen anywhere in the world.

Three Worlds Meet European Societies by 1492 Chapter 1 Section 4

Renaissance • The Renaissance began in Europe by the 1300’s. • This rebirth of learning caused a new social class, the middle class, to emerge • The desire for new goods will transform Europe

Social Order • People were divided by social class and organized according to rank • Nobility was at the top and peasants at the bottom • The concept of divine right meant that God chose a person’s status

Social Order • The new middle class allowed people to gain wealth and social mobility, never before possible

Social Order • The family was made up of the nuclear family – father, mother and children • Labor was divided based on age and sex

Christianity Shapes Europe • The Catholic Church was the dominate religion in Europe and controlled all aspect of people’s lives • Heresy was a crime which warranted death by torture.

Christianity Shapes Europe • The Catholic Church was responsible for most religious, social and political decisions • They administered the sacraments, important rituals, to save people’s souls from eternal damnation.

Christianity Shapes Europe • Once explorers found new lands, The Catholic Church also began spreading their faith to new people.

Christianity Shapes Europe • In the 1400’s, Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon • Their joined kingdoms took in most of northern Spain • Their goal was to rule all of Spain

Christianity Shapes Europe • Southern Spain was controlled by the Moors (Muslims) and Jews • The Spanish Inquisition forced the Moors and Jews to leave or convert to Catholicism • Any hint that they had not converted would result in torture until they “confessed”

Christianity Shapes Europe • The Crusades had ended 2 centuries before • From 1096-1270, European armies tried to free the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks • They failed in this attempt, but their travels brought trade (and disease) to Europe.

Christianity Shapes Europe • It was the desire for this trade that motivated Europe to seek water routes to Asia

Three Worlds Collide