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La Belle Époque [1871-1914] “The Beautiful Era” or the Fin de Siècle

La Belle Époque [1871-1914] “The Beautiful Era” or the Fin de Siècle. Characteristics of La Belle Époque. Materialism Higher standard of living Development “zones” Inner Zone  Br, Fr, Ger, Belg , No. It,W . Austria Outer Zone  Ire., Iberian Pen., most of Italy, Europe east of Ger.

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La Belle Époque [1871-1914] “The Beautiful Era” or the Fin de Siècle

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  1. La Belle Époque[1871-1914]“The Beautiful Era” or the Fin de Siècle

  2. Characteristics of La Belle Époque • Materialism • Higher standard of living • Development “zones” • Inner Zone Br, Fr, Ger, Belg, No. It,W. Austria • Outer Zone  Ire., Iberian Pen., most of Italy, Europe eastof Ger. • Underdeveloped Zone  Afro-Asia

  3. Characteristics of La Belle Époque • Increased European Population • Growth of Cities & Urban Life • Migration from Europe • 1850-1940  60 million left Europe • Went to  US, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Australia/N. Zeal. • “Second” Industrial Revolution- This term refers to the second wave of the late 18th century industrial movement which was generally focused in the United States and Germany. • This second wave, with the movement from domestic systems of production to factory systems, involved heavy industry and innovations such as mass production. • Steam  electricity • Internal combustion & diesel engines. • Cars, planes, submarines.

  4. Characteristics of La Belle Époque • “Second” Industrial Revolution Britain  “The World’s Industrial Workshop” • Corporations  limited liability of investments. • Mass production. • Free Trade [esp. in England] • World Markets [Global Economy, Part II] • Advance of Democracy • Extension of the vote to the working class. • Creating a “welfare state.”

  5. Characteristics of La Belle Époque • The Appeal of Socialism • By the 1880s, most socialist parties were Marxist [esp. Ger. & Fr.] • Sorel’s Revolutionary socialism- to destroy capitalism there must be a violent, heroic strike against the capialists • Not very successful in England. • Faith in Science Alone • Science at the core of industrialization. • “New Wonders” of daily life. • Charles Darwin • Origin of Species [1859]- all existing life forms evolved from earlier forms. • Life is a constant struggle for survival • “survival of the fittest” • The Descent of Man- applied this to humans

  6. Characteristics of La Belle Époque • Faith in Science Alone [con’t.] • “Social Darwinism”  Herbert Spenser- surivival of the fittest, • Racism- Darwin’s ideas were applied to race • Newtonian Science turned on its head • Einstein  “Theory of Relativity”  nature & energy were separate & distinct. • Mass is variable • Max Planck  Quantum Physics- asserted that atoms absorb and emit energy in a series of discrete unites rather than a traditional flow. • Objective scientific observation can’t reveal the ultimate secrets of nature.

  7. Characteristics of La Belle Époque • Faith in Science Alone [con’t.] • Professionalization of “new” sciences [anthropology, archeaology,etc.] • Psychology • Ivan Pavlov  conditioned responses • Sigmund Freud  psychoanalysis • The Interpretation of Dreams [1900] • The role of the unconscious [the id, ego, super ego]. • Behavior isn’t rational but controlled by unconscious drives, especially the sex drive.

  8. Characteristics of La Belle Époque • New Trends in Philosophy • Agnosticism • Nihilism • Friedrich Nietzsche- exalted the will, the assertion of the will provides life with meaning. • Denounced Christianity- God is dead, man has killed him. Sets you free from christian morality. • Übermensch  “Super Man”- man free of rules and restrictions, desired to live a more intense level of experience than regular humans, possessed a passion to dominate • Must be free from the ordinary thinking of the masses, rejects democracy, social reform and universal suffrage.

  9. Irrationalism • Existentialism • Soren Kierkegaard- existence proceeds essence • Internal Religious Struggles- • modernists vs. fundamentalists- modernists within the church wanted to try to interpret the bible in the light of the new developments, whereas traditionalists wanted nothing to do with the new modern idea and forces.

  10. Characteristics of La Belle Époque • Anti-Semitism • Dreyfus Affair • Theodore Herzl  Der Judenstaat [The Jewish State], 1896 • “Father of Modern Zionism” • Women’s Movement • Emmeline Pankhurst • The “New” Imperialism • Militarism  glorification of war

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