Accessing Criticisms Sources from the Internet

1. Author search Robert Frank Access images online Follow the lead From author to title Author/title combined Accessing CriticismsSources from the Internet • Title search • The Americans by Robert Frank • Critical Views • Evaluate the sources • Quick Access • Efficiency

2. Course Reserve/Library/Internet • Sources from the Internet • Move away from the web to books/biographies/autobiographies • Evaluate the sources • Identify the most prestigious sources • Use books and materials on our course reserve—search by instructor’s name • Gao, weizhi (how to access the list)

3. Informative and Argumentativein Academic Writing • Informative • Solid research • Argumentative • Join in critical discussions • Write dialogically • Bring in something new/fresh/original • Overuse of the Internet Sources • Plagiarism

4. Quick AccessCut to the Chase • Ctrl Find: Critical views • Online • In the word document • In power point files • Overquote/ • underquote/ • clumsy quote vs. graceful quote/ • quote with surgical precision— • less is more! • Let the quote work for you

5. Identify Viable and valuable criticisms • Visually scan the information • Identify critical views • Evaluate the sources • Take notes (descriptive and prescriptive) • Summative and Evaluative annotations • Pros/cons(double-column notebook) • Examine the source by following the leads • Document the sources • From web to books or articles

6. Six to Eight SourcesAverage for a standard essay1250 to 1750 words • Varieties (Restricted) • The Internet • Books • Articles • Periodicals • Balanced/biased • Objective/subjective • Fair/unfair • Comprehensive • /partial • Gestalt • Inclusive practice • Exclusive practice

7. Two opposing perspectives on“The Road Not Taken”Wikipedia, search by author/title • Identify a focal point of disagreement • Romantic yearning • Asserting individualism • Irony • Follow the leads/notes • Modern American Poetry • By author • Evaluate the source: prestigious?

8. Cary Nelson, EditorModern American Poetryhttp://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/ • Cary Nelson (1946), professor of English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, is the current president of the American Association of University Professors.

9. Summative Annotations vs.Evaluative Annotationshttp://www.uwb.edu/writingcenter/resources • Summative • Two to three sentences long • Author’s thesis/point • Author’s supporting points • Evaluative • State the author’s thesis and supporting points • Make a judgment about the quality of the author’s ideas • Explain why the author’s ideas are valuable or not

10. Two sides on Robert Frankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Americans_%28photography%29 • The book initially received substantial criticism in the U.S. Popular Photography… • derided./ ridiculed Frank's images as "meaningless blur, grain, muddy exposures, drunken horizons and general sloppiness." • Sociologist Howard S. Becker has written about The Americans as social analysis: • See the handout

11. Howard S. Becker on Robert FrankBlock quote if over 4 lines in your own text • Robert Frank's (...) enormously influential The Americans is in ways reminiscent both of Tocqueville's analysis of American institutions and of the analysis of cultural themes by Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict. Frank presents photographs made in scattered places around the country, returning again and again to such themes as the flag, the automobile, race, restaurants—eventually turning those artifacts, by the weight of the associations in which he embeds them, into profound and meaningful symbols of American culture. • Qtd. In something for indirect quote

12. Sample Summative AnnotationEssay in an Anthology/UWBWC • Achebe, Chinua. “An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.” Heart of Darkness. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton, 1988. 251-62. An essay by the influential Nigerian author Achebe on the prevalent image of Africa in the Western imagination, focusing on the racist dimensions of Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Achebe presents an interpretation of the function of the images of Others in the construction of cultural identity and identifies a pervasive need on the part of “the West” to denigrate and dehumanize Africa.

13. Sample Summative Annotation Book/UWBWC • Johnstone, Frederick A. Class, Race, and Gold: A Study of Class Relations and Racial Discrimination in South Africa. London: Routledge, 1976. • Johnstone examines the labor experience of nonwhites in South African gold mines, arguing that the structure of the labor system comes from the industrial capitalism of the mines. Johnstone portrays the low-wage blacks as pawns of the bourgeois mine owners. Contains a bibliography and many tables and statistics on black wage-earners and mine owners.

14. Sample Summative AnnotationJournal Article/UWBWC • Schaie, K.W. “Ageist Language in Psychological Research.” American Psychologist 48 (1993): 49-51. • An article on avoiding ageist bias in research, including discussion on objective research design and on how to report what the research actually demonstrates without adding value-laden assumptions.

15. Evaluative Annotations • summarize the essential ideas in a document and provide judgments—negative, positive, or both—about their quality. • Evaluative annotations typically are three to four sentences long. Note the differences between the following evaluative annotations, with judgments added to the summary of essential ideas, to the previous summative annotations.

16. Sample Evaluative AnnotationEssay in an Anthology • Achebe, Chinua. “An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.” Heart of Darkness. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton, 1988. 251-62. • A provocative essay by the influential Nigerian author Achebe on the prevalent image of Africa in the Western imagination, focusing on the racist dimensions of Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Achebe presents an interpretation of the function of the images of Others in the construction of cultural identity and identifies a pervasive need on the part of “the West” to denigrate and dehumanize Africa. This controversial essay has been tremendously influential in recent discussion of multicultural education but has received by no means universal assent.

17. Sample Evaluative Annotations on a Book • Johnstone, Frederick A. Class, Race, and Gold: A Study of Class Relations and Racial Discrimination in South Africa. London: Routledge, 1976. • Johnstone effectively examines the labor experience of nonwhites in South African gold mines from a sociological perspective, arguing that the structure of the labor system comes from the industrial capitalism of the mines. Johnstone very convincingly uses a Marxist analysis to portray the low-wage blacks as pawns of the bourgeois mine owners. Contains a good bibliography and many informative tables and statistics of black wage-earners and mine owners.

18. Journal Article • Schaie, K.W. “Ageist Language in Psychological Research.” American Psychologist 48 (1993): 49-51. An article on avoiding ageist bias in research, discussing objective research design and how to report what the research actually demonstrates without adding value-laden assumptions. Schaie’s general emphasis on how to avoid ageist bias does not offer any specific examples of ageism in research, but Shaie’s approach to ageist bias provides an alternative perspective to my own viewpoint.

19. Qtd. In (Indirect quote) • Always try to quote from the original source. When that is not possible, and you are referring to a quotation within a work not made by the author, write "qtd. in . . ." within the parentheses following the quotation. • Ex. Bernard Baruch states that "Mankind has always thought to substitute energy for reason" (qtd. in Ringer 274).

20. Your TurnIn-class Exercises on Robert Frank • Reconstruct the following in MLA format • Becker, Howard S. (2009). "Photography and Sociology“. American Ethnography Quasimonthly. • Becker, Howard S. "Photography and Sociology“. American Ethnography Quasimonthly. 2009. (List this source and your summative annotation in Works Cited at the end of your essay)

21. In-text CitationIntegrating two sources into your essay • Opposing a very negative review of Robert Frank’s The Americans (1958) by Popular Photography that “derided Frank's images as ‘meaningless blur, grain, muddy exposures, drunken horizons and general sloppiness…,” Howard S. Becker argues that, “…” • Block quote if over four lines. • (qtd. in …) for an indirect quote.

22. MLA DocumentationModern Language Association 1883 • There are three parts in MLA style: • 1. Paren’thetical references in the text (also known as in-text citations), • 2. A list of works cited (at the end of your essay/see the sample), • 3. Content notes (footnotes & endnotes—the sequence of which being the same). • See Michael DiYanni’s endnotes; • Consult online MLA sample essay

23. Direct in-text citations • In your essays, you need to use the full name of an author when introducing him or her the first time. For example, • In her essay “The Dilemma of Difference,” Martha Minow points out, “…” (Minow 560). • A typical reference consists of the author’s last name and a page number. • After introducing Martha Minow, use her last name throughout your essay.

24. Indirect quote • If you must use a statement by one author that is quoted in the work of another author, indicate that the material is from an indirect source with the abbreviation qtd. in (“quoted in”). • Wagner stated that myth and history stood before him “with opposing claims” (qtd. in Thomas 65).

25. Shorten long quotationsbased on relevancy • To indicate that something has been omitted from an occasion, use ellipses—three spaces periods … • In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale . . . and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs" (78).

26. “my emphasis” in quotations • Underline or italicize partial quotes • “The German revaluation, however, is an accounting trick the German government has hypocritically condemned for other countries,” such as Italy and Spain (my emphasis).

27. Errors in the sources • To indicate that the source contains an error, add the Latin word sic (meaning thus) in brackets immediately following the error. • “Franklin De’lano Rosevelt [sic] created the memorable phrase ‘The New Deal.’” • Use single quote within the quote.

28. Works Cited • (alphabetically arranged by the last name, not numbered, don’t say “sources”) • Start a new page • Appear at the end of your entire essay • See a sample • Each item has three divisions: author, title, and publication information. • The separation between major divisions is marked by a period and one space;

29. Two sources by the same author • If you need to quote two papers from the same author, say Geertz. • Geertz, Clifford. “Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight.” Academic Discourse. Eds. Gail Stygall et al. Thomson. 2002. 347-387. • ---. “Thick Description.”

30. Multiple authors of a work • This hypothesis (Bradley and Rogers 7) suggested this theory (Sumner, Reichl, and Waugh 23).

31. Ovid (43 BC-17/18 AD) vs. Bruegel (1525-1569)Proportion and Proposition • Proportion • Daedalus/Icarus • Fisherman/ • shepherd/plowman • Proportion/ • Proposition • Proposition/Idea • Plowman • Shepherd • Fisherman • Icarus’s legs • proportion/scale • Proposition/Idea • Continuity and Transformation

32. Definition of Proposition • In Rhetoric . a statement of the subject of an argument or a discourse, or of the course of action or essential idea to be advocated. • In logic: • a statement in which something is affirmed or denied, so that it can therefore be significantly characterized as either true or false.

33. Secondary SourceJohn Canaday’s essay onLandscape with the Fall of Icarus • In Ovid: • Description about readers’ response is scaled down; • Genre: narrative poem to make a point/proposition by telling a story • In Bruegel: • Emphasis on Reader/character is reversed; Narrative is reduced to minimum; Title: “Landscape” is juxtaposed with “Icarus”; the word “with” puts Icarus in a secondary position • Proportion leads to propositioni