Chapter 10

1. Chapter 10 Multicellular Animals Dodds & Whiles ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

2. FIGURE 10.1 The caddisfly larva, Psychoglypha sub-borealis, and the snail, Vorticifex effusa. The caddis larva is 1 cm long, and the snail is 0.5 cm long. Both are from Mare’s Egg Spring, Oregon. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

3. FIGURE 10.2 Example freshwater cnidarians and structures (A–D) and sponges and structures (E–F). Organisms and structures and their approximate lengths are as follows: (A) Hydra, ~5 mm; (B) discharged and undischarged Hydra cnidocysts, the microscopic stinging structures that contain venom; (C) Cordylophora colony, 20 mm; (D) Craspedacusta medusa, ~1 cm; (E) a sponge colony growing on a stick, 20 cm; (F) spicules made of silicon from several species of sponges (about 50 μm each). (A, C–F reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001; B from Smith, 2001). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

4. FIGURE 10.3 Representative rotifers (A–E), gastrotrichs (F–G), flatworms (H–J), and a nemertean (K), a nematode (L), and a nematomorphan (M). Organisms shown and their approximate lengths are as follows: (A) Gastropus, 0.3 mm; (B) Kellicottia, 0.6 mm; (C) Limnias, a tube-building rotifer, ~0.15 mm; (D) a colony of Sinantherina, colony diameter 2  mm; (E) Epiphanes, 0.6 mm; (F) Chaetonotus, 0.4 mm; (G) Stylochaeta, 0.4 mm; (H) Macrostomum, 2 mm; (I) Girardia (Dugesia), 10 mm; (J) Protostoma with proboscis extended, ~20 mm; (K) a nematode, 1 mm; (L) a horsehair worm, Nematomorpha, 10 cm. (A, B, D–H, and K, L reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001; C and J from Smith, 2001). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

5. FIGURE 10.4 Change in body form (cyclomorphosis) of the planktonic rotifer Keratella quadratica in successive generations in laboratory culture. (Reproduced with permission from Hutchinson, 1967). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

6. FIGURE 10.5 Some representative mollusks (A–F) and annelids (G–J). Organisms shown and their approximate lengths are as follows: (A) a unionid mussel, Quadrula, 7 cm; (B) the Asiatic clam, Corbicula, 3 cm; (C) a zebra mussel, Dreissena on a stick, 3 cm; (D) Pomacea, 4 cm; (E) Planorbella, 3 cm; (F) the freshwater limpet, Ferrissia, 4 cm; (G) Branchiura, 10 cm; (H) Ceratodrilus, 3 mm; (I) Aeolosoma, ~6 mm; (J) Placobdella, 16 mm. (A–H and J reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich 2001; I reproduced with permission of Smith, 2001). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

7. FIGURE 10.6 Zebra mussels foul a current meter that has just been removed from a lake. (Image courtesy of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

8. FIGURE 10.7 A red-eye bass (Micropterus coosae) “attacking” the lure of a freshwater mussel (Lampsilis cardium). (A) View of the gravid gill that serves as a lure. After the fish bites the mantle (C), the glochidia are released in a cloud and the fish rapidly leaves (D). The mussel is about 6 cm long. (From Haag and Warren, 1999; images courtesy of Wendall Haag). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

9. FIGURE 10.8 Pearl shell buttons and a Megalonaias nervosa mussel shell from the Mississippi River that was drilled for buttons. (Photograph by J. W. Grubaugh). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

10. FIGURE 10.9 Some representative bryozoans and structures (A–D), a tardigrade (E), and water mites (F–H). Organisms and structures shown and their approximate lengths are as follows: (A) Hyalinella colony, ~2 cm wide; (B) Hyalinella zooids, 2.5 mm; (C) bryozoan statoblast, 1.4 mm; (D) Urnatella colony, 5 mm; (E) heterotardigrade, 0.3 mm; (F) generalized adult water mite, 1 mm; (G) generalized larval water mite, 0.5 mm; (H) a water mite feeding on an ostracod. (A, B, and H reproduced with permission of Smith, 2001; C–G reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

11. FIGURE 10.10 Some representative aquatic insects. (A) a semi-aquatic springtail (Collembola), 1 mm; (B) Baetis mayfly nymph (Ephemeroptera), 1 cm; (C) adult Hexagenia mayfly (Ephemeroptera), ~3 cm; (D) a damselfly larva (Odonata), Calopteryx, 1 cm; (E) a dragonfly nymph, Macromia (Odonata), ~5 cm; (F) an adult dragonfly, Macromia, ~8 cm; (G) a stonefly nymph, Isoperla (Plecoptera), 0.7 cm; (H) an adult stonefly, Clioperla, ~3 cm; (I) an alderfly larvae, Sialis (Megaloptera), 2 cm; (J) a spongilla fly larvae, Climacia (Neuroptera), 0.5 cm; (K) an adult backswimmer, Notonecta (Hemiptera), ~2.5 cm; (L) an adult giant water bug, Lethocerus (Hemiptera), ~7 cm. (A, B, and J reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001; C, E, F, H, and L reproduced with permission from Borror et al., 1989; D, G, I, and K reproduced with permission of Hilsenhoff, 1991). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

12. FIGURE 10.11 Some representative aquatic insects. (A) a midge larva, Chironomus (Diptera) 0.5 cm; (B) a syrphid fly larvae, Eristalis (Diptera) with respiratory siphon extended, ~5 cm; (C) a mosquito larvae, Anopheles (Diptera), ~1.5 cm; (D) a hydropsychid caddisfly larvae, Hydropsyche (Trichoptera), ~2 cm; (E) a caddisfly larva, Polycentropus, 1.5 cm; (F) an adult caddisfly, Macronemum, ~2.5 cm; (G) a whirligig beetle larva, Dineutus (Coleoptera), 1 cm; (H) a riffle beetle Stenelmis, 0.5 cm; (I) a hydrophilid beetle, Hydrophilus (Coleoptera), ~2.5 cm. (A–C, E, and H reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001; D, F, and I reproduced with permission of Borror et al., 1998; G reproduced with permission of Hilsenhoff, 1991). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

13. FIGURE 10.12 Caddisfly larvae cases illustrating diversity of materials used and form of construction, all about 1 cm long. (A) Philarctus, (B) Clostoeca, (C) Brachycentrus, (D) Helicopsyche, and (E) Platycentropus. (Reproduced with permission from Wiggins, 1995). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

14. FIGURE 10.13 Some representative Crustacea. (A) calanoid copepod and nauplii, adult 0.5 mm; (B) the parasitic copepod, Lernea, ~7 mm; (C) cyclopoid copepod and nauplii, adult 0.5 mm; (D) the cladoceran, Leptodora, 3 mm; (E) Daphnia, 0.5 mm; (F) the ostracod, Candona with left valve carapace removed, 0.5 mm. (A and C–F reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001; B reproduced with permission of Smith, 2001). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

15. FIGURE 10.14 Cyclomorphosis of adults of the cladoceran Daphnia retrocurva over a season in Bantam Lake, Connecticut, during 1945. Only body shape was traced. (From Brooks, 1946). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

16. FIGURE 10.15 Some representative Crustacea. (A) a cave shrimp, Palaemonias, 2 cm; (B) the isopod, Caecidotea, 2 cm; (C) the crayfish, Cambarus, 10 cm; (D) the opossum shrimp, Mysis, 1 cm; (E) the amphipod Gammarus, 1 cm. (Reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

17. FIGURE 10.16 Some representative fishes. (A) lamprey, Petromyzon, 60 cm; (B) desert pupfish, Cyprinodon, 7 cm; (C) eel, Anguilla, 1 m; (D) bluegill, Lepomis, 20 cm; (E) bullhead, Ictalurus, 50 cm; (F) paddlefish, Polyodon, 2.5 m; and (G) alewife, Alosa, 40 cm. (Reproduced with permission from Eddy and Underhill, 1969). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

18. FIGURE 10.17 Some representative fishes. (A) walleye, Stizostedion, 90 cm; (B) gar, Lepisosteus, 1.5 m; (C) sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus, 20 cm; (D) bowfin, Amia, 60 cm; (E) salmon, Salmo, 1 m; and (F) burbot, Lota, 90 cm. (Reproduced with permission from Eddy and Underhill, 1969). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.