ME 431 TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 1. TRANSPORTATION IN GENERAL

1. ME 431TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 1. TRANSPORTATION IN GENERAL

2. CHAPTER 1. TRANSPORTATION IN GENERAL 1.1 THE FUNCTIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF TRANSPORT 1.2 TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS OF PEOPLE AND GOODS 1.3 QUALITIES OF EFFICIENT TRANSPORT SERVICES 1.4 FORMS OF TRANSPORT AND SERVICES 1.5 CONSOLIDATION OF TRAFFIC 1.6 THE USE OF CARRYING CAPACITY

3. 1.1 THE FUNCTIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF TRANSPORT • TRANSPORTATION IS DEFINED AS THE CONVEYANCE OF PEOPLE AND GOODS. • THE ADVANTAGES OF TRANSPORT CAN BE BETTER UNDERSTOOD BY EXAMINING ITS RELATIONS TO VARIOUS ASPECTS OF HUMAN LIFE AND ACTIVITY. • THESE ASPECTS ARE CLASSIFIED AS: • A-ECONOMIC ASPECTS (advantages) • B-SOCIAL ASPECTS • C-POLITICAL ASPECTS

4. A)ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES : THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF MAN ARE SIMPLY DIRECTED TO THE PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE OF WEALTH. MAN USES THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE WORLD TO MEET HIS NECESSITIES IN THE FORMS OF FOOD, CLOTHING AND SHELTER. WITHOUT TRANSPORT, COMMUNITIES OF PEOPLE ARE DEPENDENT UPON THE NATURAL RESOURCES IN THEIR IMMEDIATE VICINITY. WITH TRANSPORT, HOWEVER, EXCHANGE OF GOODS BETWEEN REMOTE COMMUNITIES IS POSSIBLE.

5. EXCHANGE OG GOODS HAS SOME IMPORTANT EFFECTS: • IT PROVIDES A COMMERCIAL TRANSACTION BETWEEN TWO PARTIES; THE SELLERS AND THE BUYERS OF EVEN DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES • THE SUPPLY OF GOODS IN DIFFERENT MARKETS CAN BE EQUALIZIED. IT TENDS TO EQUALIZE THE PRICES OF GOODS BY MATCHING OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND. THUS THE PRICES CAN BE STABILIZED IN ALL MARKETS • IT PROVIDES COMPETITION BETWEEN SELLERS. THIS HELPS KEEPING PRICES AT REASONABLE LEVELS • SPECIALIZATION IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS FACILIATED AND ENCOURAGED • THE EXCHANGE OF GOODS BETWEEN COMMUNITIES INVOLVES COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE PEOPLE.

6. B) SOCIAL ADVANTAGES TRANSPORT PROMOTES THE SOCIAL ACTIVITIES IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS: PERSONEL TRAVEL AND THE EXCHANGE OF THE WRITTEN WORD AND ART (inteelectual developments) TRAVEL FOR PLEASURE (tourism) EDUCATION AND LEARNING (the exchange of knowledge between countries) RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES (competıtıve games) CONCENTRATION OF POPULATION (creatıng large cities)

7. C) POLITICAL ADVANTAGES • THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE GOVERNMENT INCREASES. • ANY ISOLATION OF COMMUNITIES CREATED BY DISTANCE OR GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES IS REMOVED. • NATIONAL UNITY BECOMES STRONGER THROUGH THE BREAKING DOWN OF ISOLATION OF LOCALITIES. • REPRESANTATIVE GOVERNMENT IS FACILITATED. • THE COMMUNITY SERVICES OF THE GOVERNMENT CAN BE EXTENDED UNIFORMLY-TO ALL PARTS OF A COUNTRY. • THE SECURITY OF THE STATE AGAINST AGRESSION IS PROVIDED BY EFFICIENT TRANSPORT. • EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ENABLE ANY COUNTRY TO TRANSPORT RELIEF WORK TO THOSE NEEDY PEOPLE IN THE EVENT OF NATIONAL DISASTERS ; FLOOD, FIRE OR FAMINE.

8. 1.2 TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS OF PEOPLE AND GOODS There are two basic types of commodities transported and these are people and goods A) CHARACTERISTIC OF PEOPLE : HUMAN BEINGS ARE DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER IN TERMS OF SATISFACTION OF THEIR NEEDS. HUMAN-AGE, HEALTH, WEALTH, ETC. ARE THE AFFECTING FACTORS OF THE PEOPLE TRANSPORTATION. Age: babies,youngsters, and elderlies Health:healthy,poorly Wealth: rich, moderate income and low income (poor) B) CHARACTERISTIC OF GOODS: GOODS ARE MORE DIVERSE IN THE PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS WHICH RELATE TO TRANSPORT.

9. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOODS: BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GOODS TO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION DURING TRANSPORTATION ARE: • INHERENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES • STAGE IN PROCESSING • STATE FOR TRANSPORT • SIZE AND DIVISIBILITY • DENSITY AND MASS • and VALUE OF THE COMMODITY OR GOOD

10. 1. INHERENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GOODS: IN PHYSICAL TERMS, THEY CAN BE, • LIQUID, SOLID OR GAS (FORMS OF MATTER) • ANIMATE OR INANIMATE (LIVE OR DEAD ANIMALS) • DESTRUCTIBLE (FLAMMABLE GAS) OR INDESTRUCTIBLE (STONE,ORE, SAND,SOIL) ELEMENTS • FRAGILE OR NON-FRAGILE • WET OR DRY (LIQUIDS-WET CARGO) • HAZARDOUS OR NON HAZARDOUS • PERISHABLES OR NON - PERISHABLES

11. 2. STAGE IN PROCESSING • RAW MATERIALS (WHEAT,TIMBER,ORE,PETROLEUM) • SEMI-PROCESSED GOODS (RAW MATERIALS IN THE PROCESS OF CONVERSION TO OTHER FORMS) • FINISHED GOODS (MANUFACTURED GOODS FOR FINAL USE) 3. STATE FOR TRANSPORT (METHOD OF PACKING) • LOOSE OR BULK (NOT PACKED – PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, CEMENT, ORE, COAL,GRAINS). • PACKING IN CONTAINERS OR UNIT LOADS PROTECTS GOODS FROM DAMAGE IN HANDLING AND CARRYING AND IN CASE OF HAZARDOUS GOODS PROTECTS PEOPLE AND EQUIPMENT FROM INJURY OR DAMAGE. 4. SIZE AND DIVISIBILTY • THE SIZE OF INDIVIDUAL PIECES OR PACKAGES MAY BE MEASURED AS LENGTH ,BREADTH AND HEIGHT, VOLUME OR MASS. • NORMAL LIFTS (UP TO 1 TON) MAY NOT REQUIRE THE ASSISTANCE OF MECHANICAL APPLIANCES BUT ONLY SIMPLE ONES/APPLIANCES (man power might be enough ). • HEAVY LIFTS(UP TO 200 TONNES OR MORE EACH) REQUIRE MECHANICAL APPLIANCES.

12. 5. DENSITY OF GOODS • DENSITY OF GOODS IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE MASS OF THE GOODS IN SOME KINDS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS. • IN WATER TRANSPORTATION IT IS REQUIRED THAT THE MASS IS HIGH BUT THE VOLUME IS LESS WHICH IN TURN MEANS HIGH DENSITY GOODS ARE MORE SUITABLE FOR SHIPS AND VESSELS (lifting force of water – bouyancy force) • ON THE CONTRARY, IN AIR TRANSPORTATION (AIRPLANES) HEAVY OR HIGH DENSITY GOODS ARE NOT PREFERRED SINCE THE LIFTING FORCE IN AIRPLANES IS MUCH LESS THEN THE ONES IN WATER TRANSPORTATION . • STOWAGE FACTOR:IT HAS THE UNITS OF CUBIC SPACE REQUIRED TO ACCOMODATE A UNIT OF MASS IN A STATE READY FOR TRANSPORT (M3/KG).

13. DENSITY OF GOODS • STOWAGE FACTOR İS USED İN TRANSPORTATİON OF GOODS İN COMPARİNG THE EFFECTİVE USE OF SPACE • IT IS AN INDICATION OF HOW EFFECTIVE THE VOLUME OR SPACE IS USED. LOWER THE VALUE MORE FFECTIVE THE SPACE USED, HIGHER THE VALUE LESS EFFECTIVE THE SPACE USED • RİGİD PACKAGES OR UNİT LOADS OF NON-RECTANGULAR FORMS SUCH AS CYLİNDERS, SPHERES AND İRREGULARLY SHAPED PİECES İNVOLVE A LOSS OF PACKİNG SPACE AND CAUSES A LOW DENSİTY GOODS (OR HİGH STOWAGE FACTOR) TRANSPORTATİON İN COMPARİSON TO BULK MATERİALS OR FREE-FLOWİNG GOODS SUCH AS GRAİNS EVEN İF THEY ARE PACKED İNTO BAGS.

14. 6. VALUE • GOODS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS: • LOW VALUE GOODS and • HIGH VALUE GOODS • THE VALUE OF GOODS MAY BE AN İNDİCATOR OF FİNANCİAL ABİLİTY TO BEAR TRANSPORT COSTS. CHEAP ITEMS DO NOT NEED TO BE CARRIED BY EXPENSIVE METHODS AND VICE VERSA • TRANSPORTATİON SYSTEMS AND EXPENSES FOR CHEAP GOODS SUCH AS COAL, SAND, GRAİNS AND EXPENSİVE GOODS SUCH AS COMPUTERS, REFRİGERATORS, AND HI-FI MUSİC SETS WİLL CERTAİNLY BE DİFFERENT İN NATURE. YOU CAN NOT TRANSPORT THE EXPENSİVE AND DELİCATE GOODS BY AN ORDINARY, CHEAP, CONVENTİONAL METHODS WHİCH MAY DAMAGE THE İTEMS AND CAUSE A LOSS İN VALUE.

15. 1.3 QUALITIES OF EFFICIENT TRANSPORT SERVICES EACH NATION REQUIRES A COMPREHENSIVE AND EFFICIENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM TO MOVE GOODS AND PEOPLE WITHIN AND OUTSIDE OF ITS NATIONAL BOUNDARIES. THE TRANSPORT SERVICES SHOULD HAVE THE QUALITIES OF: • ? • ? • ? • ? • ? • ?

16. QUALITIES OF EFFICIENT TRANSPORT SERVICES • SPEED • SAFETY • ADEQUACY • FREQUENCY • REGULARITY • COMPRHENSIVENESS • RESPONSIBILITY • ACCEPTABLE COST AND • COMFORT

17. 1.SPEED • Speed in transport can be regarded in two ways. • It can be the rate at which the vehicles or conveyors move along the ways or goods through conduits. (km/hr or m/sec) • It can be the period that elapses from the time that the goods or passengers are presented for transport to the time of discharge at the completion of the journey including any interval for loading, unloading, refuelling, or servicing vehicles (hr or secs). Shorter the time, higher the speed and vice versa. SPEED IN PEOPLE ‘S TRANSPORTATION RESULTS IN : • REDUCED STRESS, and REDUCED DISCOMFORT • TIME SAVING • MORE PLACES TO VISIT (TRAVEL FOR PLEASURE) • REDUCED COST BY GREATER USE OF TRANSPORT FACILITIES

18. SPEED IN GOOD ‘S TRANSPORTATION HAS THE ADVANTAGES : • shorter transit time (higher speed) reduces the amount of deterioration between raw material production and processed manufacture, or between production and consumption (fruit, vegetable, and flowers) • speed (or shorter transit) reduces the financial cost attaching to the goods in transit (insurance costs) • Rapid transport permits a greater quantity of goods to be moved with the ways and means available within a defined period • Rapid transport to the market reduces the risk of loss due to price changes. (fluctations in the market) • Fast transport service reduces the necessity to provide storage facilities near consumers thus reducing the final product price

19. 2. SAFETY ADEQUATE PROVISION MUST BE PROVIDED FOR PROTECTION OF PERSONS AND PROPERTY CARRIED ON THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM. • goods should be protected against theft, fire, physical damage, deterioration etc. • safety standards must be enforced during people transportation • physical damage TO GOODS can be avoided by proper packing and careful handling in loading and unloading and natural deterioration can be delayed by refrigeration, ventilation or if required by heating • Speed limit has to be watched, seat belts should be provided, fire extinguishers should be checked, and fire resistant materials should be used wherever possible for and during TRANSPORT OF PEOPLE.

20. 3. CAPACITY FOR GOODS;capacıty ıs measured as the total quantıty of goods transported at any one tıme.FOR PASSENGERS:total capacıty can be defıned as the number of people transported at any one tıme (taking into consideration the peak hours, seasonal movements etc.)

21. 4. FREQUENCY TRANSPORT IS NOT CONTINUOUS EXCEPT MOVEMENTS BY PIPELINE OR CONVEYORS. THE MOVEMENTS IN GENERAL ARE REGULARLY (FIXED TIME INTERVALS ) OR IRREGULARLY SPACED. FOR PEOPLE: frequency of transport service means less waiting time and possibility of a greater amount of travel within a limited time. Frequency of movement has the following advantages forgoods. • The shorter the interval between movements, the smaller the quantity of goods to be stored. • With frequent service, the loss of time in storage at the points will be less. • The despatch of goods required unexpectedly but urgently can be expedited. • The number of places where stocks are held can be reduced by providing regular and frequent transport services

22. 5. REGULARITY • REGULARITY MEANS THAT THE MOVEMENTS ARE EITHER AT EVENLY-SPACED INTERVALS OR AT KNOWN TIMES. • THIS IS AS IMPORTANT AS THE FREQUENCY SINCE THE TIME INTERVALS BETWEEN THE TWO CONSEQUTIVE SERVICES CAN QUITE EASILY BE WASTED IF ONE SERVICE IS MISSED DUE TO IRREGULAR SERVICE.

23. 6. COMPREHENSIVENESS • COMREHENSIVENESS MEANS HOW MANY STEPS ARE REQUIRED TO COVER FROM ORIGIN TO DESTINATION (IDEAL CASE IS DOOR-TO-DOOR TRANSPORTATION BY FAMILY CARS) • THE MOST COMREHENSIVE TRANSPORT IS A PERFECT TRANSPORT MOVEMENT TO THE TAKE PLACE WITHOUT ANY BREAK IN THE COMPLETE JOURNEY AND WITHOUT ANY CHANGE IN THE CONTROL OF THE MOVEMENT.

24. 7. RESPONSIBILITY • PEOPLE EXPECT OTHERS TO CARRY THEMSELVES OR THEIR GOODS SAFELY OR PAY COMPENSATION FOR LOSSES OR INJURY BY THE TRANSPORT UNDERTAKINGS (a desirable quality in a transport service) • RESPONSİBİLİTY MAY BE CONDİTİONED BY THE LEGAL LİABİLİTY OF THE UNDERTAKİNG AND İTS FİNANCİAL ABİLİTY TO MEET A PROPER CLAİM FOR COMPENSATİON. 8. COMFORT • COMFORT IS AN ESSENTIAL QUALITY IN THE TRANSPORT OF PEOPLE. • PHYSICAL COMFORT INVOLVES SUITABLE SEATING, VENTILATION, TEMPERATURE CONTROL, SLEEPING ACCOMODATION etc.

25. 9. COST • THE COST OF TRANSPORT IS AN IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION AND THE VOLUME OF TRAVEL TODAY IS A TRIBUTE TO THE RELATIVE CHEAPNESS OF TRANSPORT. (LOWER AIRFARES WİTH INCREASED PASSENGER NUMBER) • REDUCTIONS IN TRANSPORT COSTS RESULT IN LOWER INCOME GROUPS PARTICIPATING MORE FREELY IN JOURNEYS OF LONGER DURATION AND DISTANCE. • THE COST OF TRANSPORT IS SOMETHING MORE THAN THE MONEY THAT MAY BE PAYABLE. • In respect of goods; the financial cost (insurance) attaching to goods in transit, the risk of price changes during transport etc. all add to transport cost and making it a variable nature • In respect of persons; the loss of useful time, slow, infrequent, or irregular services cost to man more than the money paid directly

26. 1.4 FORMS OF TRANSPORT AND SERVICES IN DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS FROM VERY PRIMITIVE TO MOST DEVELOPED ONES FOLLOWING REALITIES ABOUT MAN, HIS INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY AND HIS ENVIROMENT HAVE BEEN VERY EFFECTIVE... • he could drag more than he could carry; • many animals had greater carrying and hauling capacity than man; • structures of materials heavier than water could be made to float on water because of the shape of the structures (ships and vessels; Wship +Wgoods=water density*volume displaced) • the wheel was an excellent means of overcoming resistance to movement along the ground (one of the most important discoveries of man); • moving air provided by nature could be utilized as power (sailing ships); • power could be provided by mechanical generators using various kinds of fuel. • the natural soil could be improved (to establish proper roads for easier transportation); and • air had a solidity which could be utilized to carry things of greater density (pneumatic conveyors).

27. A)CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT FORMS: Transport forms are classified based on the following criteria: • natural element on which or in which movement takes place • physical manner of transporting the people and goods • motive power employed Based on the criterion of natural element we have 3 types of transport form: • LAND TRANSPORT (divided into two as rail and road transport) • WATER TRANSPORT (generally done by ships and vessels on the water surface and sometimes underwater as well, submarines) • AIR TRANSPORT (is done by airplanes and helicopters of people and cargo types in general. Scientific researches require space transport as well)

28. 1. According to the physical manner of transporting there are differences in the machineries and equipments employed to carry people and goods. • vehicles (motor car, a railway waggon, vessels and aircrafts) • conveyor transport (belt, cable and screw conveyors) • conduits for flow transport (naked materials; gas, water and petroleum products), electrical power transmission and communication over wires are also regarded as flow transport (PIPELINE TRANSPORT?)

29. 2. Accordıng to motıve power employed we have the types of: • MAN POWERED • ANIMAL DRAWN • WIND DRIVEN • MECHANICALLY PROPELLED (INTERNAL COMBUSTION, JET ENGINES, ELECTRIC MOTORS) transport forms.

30. B) CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT SERVICES: • REGULAR ROUTE OR CHARTER • INLAND, COASTAL OR OVERSEA • LOCAL AND LONG DISTANCE • FEEDER OR LINE HAUL • INTRA-CITY, INTER CITY, INTRA-STATE, INTER-STATE • HIRE AND REWARD OR OWN ACCOUNT

31. 1.5 CONSOLIDATION OF TRAFFIC • PEOPLE AND GOODS CARRIED ON TRANSPORT FACILITIES ARE COMMONLY TERMED “TRAFFIC”, • AND THE TRAFFIC (GOODS AND PEOPLE ) MAY BE CARRIED FROM POINT OF ORIGIN TO POINT OF DESTINATION BY A MOVEMENT INVOLVING ONLY ONE MODE OF TRANSPORT, THEREBY CONSTITUTING WHAT IS POPULARLY CALLED “DOOR –TO- DOOR “ TRANSPORT • OR TWO OR MORE MODES OF TRANSPORT IN SUCCESSION TO COMPLETE A JOURNEY. • AN ABİLİTY TO MAKE THE COMPLETE JOURNEY İN ONE MOVEMENT OR USİNG ONE MODE OF TRANSPORT İS A FORM OF COMPREHENSİVENESS.

32. A. CONSIGMENTS: • PEOPLE AND GOODS MAY BE SAID TO MOVE ON A TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN “CONSIGMENTS”. • CONSIGMENT: CONSIST OF A SPECIFIC LOT OF GOODS (OR PEOPLE) TENDERED FOR TRANSPORT BY ONE CONSIGNOR AT ONE POINT OF ORIGIN, AT ONE TIME, FOR ONE CONSIGNEE AT ONE POINT OF DESTINATION. • CONSIGNOR: BEING THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION SENDING THE GOODS. • CONSIGNEE: BEING THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION INTENDED TO RECEIVE THE GOODS. • CONSOLIDATING MEANS: • 1)UNITING OR COMBINING THE CONSİGNMENTS INTO ONE • 2)MAKING CONSIGNMENTS SOLID OR STRONG

33. B.METHOD OF CONSOLIDATION THE VARIOUS METHODS BY WHICH CONSOLIDATION OF TRAFFIC IS ACHIEVED MAY BE BROADLY DESCRIBED AS... • THE TRANSFER OF TRAFFIC FROM SMALL TO LARGER VEHICLES FOR THAT PART OF A JOURNEY WHICH IS COMMON TO ALL TRAFFIC; • POOLING AND REDISTRIBUTION OF TRAFFIC TO REDUCE TOTAL DISTANCE TO BE TRAVELLED;AND • REDUCING OF THE FREQUENCY OF MOVEMENTS.

34. C.CONTAINERS CONSIGMENTS LESS THAN A VEHICLE LOAD VARY IN SIZE VERY CONSIDERABLY, AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS MAY CREATE A NECESSITY FOR A PRELIMINARY CONSOLIDATION BY THE USE OF TRANSPORT CONTAINERS CAPABLE OF ENCLOSING A NUMBER OF SMALL CONSIGMENTS. A VEHICLE LOAD IS MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE SUCH CONTAINERS. USUALLY, CONTAINERS ARE STURDY BOXES OR BAGS IN WHICH GOODS CAN BE FULLY ENCLOSED.

35. D.TERMINALS TRANSPORT UNDERTAKINGS FREQUENTLY PROVIDE FACILITIES FOR THE SERVICE AND REPAIR OF VEHICLES, FOR THE ASSEMBLY AND ALLOCATION OF VEHICLES AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE TRANSPORT SEVICES GENERALLY.

36. 1.6 THE USE OF CARRYING CAPACITY: CONSOLIDATION OF TRAFFIC IS A PARTICULAR METHOD OF LOADING VEHICLES OR TRAINS TO FULL CAPACITY. A FAILURE TO CONSOLIDATE TRAFFIC WILL WASTE CAPACITY BUT, IN ADDITION, CARRYING CAPACITY CAN BE WASTED • BY THE VEHICLES BEING IDLE OR • BY AN INABILTY OR FAILURE TO UTILIZE IT ON A RETURN JOURNEY

37. A.IDLE TIME TRANSPORT FACILITIES MAY BE UNUSED AT TIMES FOR ANY OR ALL OF THE FOLLOWING REASONS: • REPAIR AND SERVICE OF TRANSPORT FACILITIES • THE CUSTOMARY DIVISION OF EACH DAY INTO TIME FOR ACTIVITY • TIME FOR SLEEP • SEASONAL OR DAILY FLUCTUATIONS IN DEMAND • INCLEMENT WEATHERS • LOADING AND UNLOADING PASSENGERS AND GOODS • STOPS AT INTERMEDIATE POINTS; • INFREQUENT DEMAND FOR SPECIAL-PURPOSE VEHICLES • EXCESSIVE CAPACITY IN INDIVIDUAL VEHICLES

38. B.RETURN LOADING: IN MOST INSTANCES THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE OR GOODS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER CREATES A NECESSITY FOR THE VEHICLES TO RETURN TO THE POINT OF ORIGIN, THE EXCEPTION BEING WHERE A VEHICLE MOVES FREELY AS A “TRAMP” – MOVING FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER IN SUCCESSION, WITH THE POSSIBILITY OF ALWAYS BEING LOADED TO CAPACITY. FORMS OF TRANSPORT WHICH ARE TIED TO PARTICULAR WAYS OR ROUTES HAVE TO DEAL WITH THE PROBLEM OF RETURN LOADING. THE AVAILIBILTY OF TRAFFIC FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER DOES NOT GUARANTEE THAT AN EQUAL VOLUME OF TRAFFIC OR INDEED ANY TRAFFIC WILL BE AVALIABLE FOR THE RETURN JOURNEY.

39. Here are the project headings (2009) selected by the groups of few people and to be presented every other week: • Investigation of current engine technologies and new engine trends • Power transmission technologies and new developments in automotive technologies. • Investigation of current brake system technologies and new developments • Investigation of current energy saving systems and new developments • An investigation of current fuel system technologies and new trends • An investigation of current safety systems and new trends

40. Please do present your project if you have not done so last week

41. Here are the project headings (2008) selected by the groups of 2-3 people and to be presented every other week: • 1. Analysis of the door-to-door goods transportation in Turkey • 2. Analysis of the in-land air-taxi transportation in Turkey • 3.New technological developments employed in land transportation systems/vehicles • 4. Developments of energy recovery systems used in motor vehicles • 5.Analysis of the situation of different fuel alternatives employed in Transportation vehicles • 6. An economic analysis of the land, rail, air &water transportation systems in Turkey for the last 30 years

42. Here are some project headings to be selected by the groups of 2 people (2007): • An investigation of likely reasons of road accidents and measures offered for avoiding such reasons • A study for preperation of a new engine course for computer aided education of candidate drivers. • A study for preparation of a computer aided driving course for education of candidate drivers • A study for preparation of a computer aided course on traffic signs for education of candidate drivers • An investigation of current vehicle speed limiting technologies and new trends • An investigation of current brake technologies and new trends • An investigation of current engine technologies and new engine trends