380 likes | 765 Views
Introduction . Introduce YourselfExplain Why You Are HereExplain Why You Are Talking About Refineries. Agenda. this presentation is probably too long, select from:IntroductionWhat is the Purpose of an Oil Refinery?What Goes In/Out of the RefineryHow Do You Get from Crude Oil to Products? Sepa
E N D
1. What Goes On In An Oil Refinery? --------AIChE Speaker---------
this presentation is probably too long; pick and choose from this material
2. Introduction Introduce Yourself
Explain Why You Are Here
Explain Why You Are Talking About Refineries
3. Agenda this presentation is probably too long, select from:
Introduction
What is the Purpose of an Oil Refinery?
What Goes In/Out of the Refinery
How Do You Get from Crude Oil to Products?
Separations
Chemical Reactions cont...
4. Agenda - Cont. How Do You Get from Crude Oil to Products?
Separations
Chemical Reactions
Major Equipment
Minimizing Pollution
What do The Chemical Engineers Do?
5. Overview THE PURPOSE OF AN OIL REFINERY IS TO TRANSFORM RELATIVELY LOW VALUE CRUDE OIL INTO HIGH VALUE PRODUCTS AS EFFICIENTLY, PROFITABLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND A WAY AS POSSIBLE
6. Overview - Cont. The price and quality of crudes is constantly changing. The price and specifications of the products is constantly changing. Government regulations add additional constraints. There is not much differential between the price of crude and products.
HOW DO I KEEP IN BUSINESS?
7. How Do I Keep In Business ? I need to design and revamp the plant utilizing the latest technology to be more efficient
I need to make the plant more flexible and responsive
I need to operate (control) the plant in the most efficient manner possible
I need to keep the equipment running all the time
I NEED CHEMICAL ENGINEERS!
8. OK, But...WHAT GOES ON IN AN OIL REFINERY?
10. What Is Crude Oil? Crude Oil is a liquid mixture of thousands of organic chemicals found underground. It is the result of organic matter decaying over thousands of years; hence the name fossil fuel
Crude oil is found all over the world and varies tremendously in its density, aromatics, sulfur, and metals content
11. Major Refinery Products LPG (Propane/Butane)
GASOLINE (hundreds of blends)
JET FUELS
DIESEL FUELS
HEATING OILS
GREASES
ASPHALTS
COKE (not the kind you drink )
12. Gasoline Specifications Gasoline must meet many criteria which change with the time of year and geographic location. Some critical specifications are:
Vapor Pressure
Octane
Aromatics / Benzene Content
Sulfur Content
Gasolines are always a blend of a number of streams in the refinery
13. Other Specifications Other refinery products must meet other specifications such as:
Cetane number
Density
Pour Point
Flash Point
Viscosity
14. So, How Do You Make Good Stuff Out Of That Gooey Crude?
15. So, How Do You Make Good Stuff Out Of That Gooey Crude?
16. So, How Do You Make Good Stuff Out Of That Gooey Crude?
17. So, How Do You Make Good Stuff Out Of That Gooey Crude? Separate crude into fractions
Convert low octane components to higher octane components
Convert the very heavy stuff to heavy oils
Convert heavy oils to gasoline,diesel,jet fuel
Remove sulfur/nitrogen through reaction
Blend intermediate streams together to meet product specifications
18. SEPARATIONS
19. SEPARATIONS -CRUDE FRACTIONATION HUGE DISTILLATION COLUMNS
ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION
VACUUM DISTILLATION
TYPICAL SIZE: 150,000 BARRELS/DAY
750 DEGREES F
20. OTHER SEPARATIONS FLASH
DISTILLATION
ABSORPTION
ADSORPTION
SETTLING (WATER/OIL)
21. REACTIONS
22. REACTIONS Almost all the reactions in the refinery use special catalysts that increase the rate and selectivity of the reaction. This improves efficiency and reduces unwanted byproducts.
23. Reactions to Make Higher Octane ISOMERIZATION
C-C-C-C-C-C --> C C
nC6 C-C-C-C iC6
REFORMING
C-C-C-C-C-C-C --> C
nC7 C C-CH3
C C toluene
C
24. Reactions To Make Higher Octane ALKYLATION
C C
C=C-C + C-C-C --> C-C-C-C-C
C
propylene isobutane isoheptane (2,2,dmp)
25. Reactions To Convert Heavy Oils HYDROCRACKING
H2 + heavy oil --> gasoline + diesel
550° F 300° F 450° F
use boiling point to describe oils
CAT CRACKING
heavy oil --> gasoline + propylene, butane,
other “light ends”
550° F 300° F
26. Reactions To Convert Resid Resid is the “bottom of the barrel” - the material that is left in the bottom of the crude/vacuum distillation towers
COKING
resid + heat --> coke + heavy oil
> 900° F solid 550° F
27. Reactions To Remove Sulfur HYDRODESULFURIZATION
2 R-SH + H2 --> 2 R + 2 H2S
mercaptan hydrocarbon
SULFUR RECOVERY
convert H2S to elemental sulfur:
2 H2S + 2 O2 --> SO2 + S + 2 H2O
2 H2S + SO2 --> 3S + 2 H2O
28. MAJOR REFINERY EQUIPMENT Vessels-Reactors, Separators, Storage Tanks
Pumps & Compressors
Furnaces
Heat Exchangers
Instruments (measure flow, temperature, pressure, composition)
Control Systems
32. MINIMIZING POLLUTION Operate Furnaces Efficiently
Waste Material Goes To The Flare Stack
Avoid Spills & Accidental Releases
Special Treatment of Sewer Water
Lots of Paper Work!
33. WHAT HAPPENS TO THE BAD STUFF IN THE CRUDE? Sulfur
converted to elemental sulfur
in high sulfur fuel oil
in coke
Heavy Metals (nickel, vanadium)
in high sulfur fuel oil and coke
Nitrogen (organic nitrogen)
most is converted to ammonia and neutralized
in high sulfur fuel oil and coke
34. WHAT ROLE DO ENGINEERS PLAY IN THE REFINERY?
35. What Role Do Chemical Engineers Play? Operations Engineer
Maintenance Engineer
Control Systems Engineer
Design Engineer
Health/Safety/Environmental Engineer
Planning / Scheduling Engineer
Reliability Engineer
Plant Manager
36. Other Ways Chemical Engineers Support The Refining Industry Research & Development Engineers
Technical Sales Engineers
Engineering & Construction Engineers
Governmental Regulators (EPA)
University Professors
37. Other Engineering Disciplines In The Refinery Mechanical Engineers - design & maintenance of compressors, vessels …
Electrical Engineers - electrical, instrumentation, controls
Computer Scientists - main plant control & information systems
38. Where to get more information Other training sessions
List books, articles, electronic sources
Consulting services, other sources
39. Summary Refineries are very complicated chemical processing plants that use reactions and separations to convert crude oil into gasoline and other valuable products
Chemical engineers play an important role in keeping these plants running safely and efficiently