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I. The Troubled Calm: The West in the 1920's II. The Epoch of the Aggressors III. World War II IV. Postwar Settlements

I. The Troubled Calm: The West in the 1920's II. The Epoch of the Aggressors III. World War II IV. Postwar Settlements. I. The Troubled Calm: The West in the 1920's A. The League of Nations B. The French Quest for Security 1923 - Invasion of Ruhr 1925 - Locarno Pact

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I. The Troubled Calm: The West in the 1920's II. The Epoch of the Aggressors III. World War II IV. Postwar Settlements

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  1. I. The Troubled Calm: The West in the 1920's II. The Epoch of the Aggressors III. World War II IV. Postwar Settlements Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present

  2. I. The Troubled Calm: The West in the 1920's • A. The League of Nations • B. The French Quest for Security • 1923 - Invasion of Ruhr • 1925 - Locarno Pact • Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy • Rhine demilitarized • 1928 - Kellogg-Briand Pact • 62 countries • control of war • C. Soviet and German Cooperation • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Comintern (Third Communist International) • Soviet Union - Foreign policy • use of Communist parties • traditional diplomacy • 1922 - Rapallo Pact • Germans and Russians renounce reparations • 1926, renewed for 5 years

  3. (A. Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931) • 1937 - fighting between China and Japan • > war, 1938 • 1938 - "New Order in East Asia" • "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" • U.S. • 1939 - ends commercial treaty with Japan • 1940 - Tripartite Act • Japan, Germany, Italy • against U.S. • 1941- Neutrality Pact with Soviets • II. The Epoch of the Aggressors • A. Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931 • Manchurian Incident, 1931 • South Manchurian Railroad bombed • 1932 - Japanese puppet state • League of Nations protests • 1933 - encroachment • Chinese Response • Nanjing - Chinese Nationalist Government • Tanggu truce with Japan, 1933 • Nationalists, Jiang Jieshi • focus on Communists • 1936 - coup • Prince Konoe Fumimaro, Prime Minister

  4. II. The Epoch of the Aggressors • B. Italy Attacks Ethiopia • 1934 - Fighting • 1935 - Invasion • > League of Nations sanctions • 1936 - Sanctions lifted • Haile Selassie to Britain • C. The Spanish Tragedy • Spanish Republic • 1936 - disintegrating • General Francisco Franco (1892-1975) • Italian support • Republic • Soviet support • 1939 - Barcelona falls • end of Republic

  5. II. The Epoch of the Aggressors • D. Germany • 1936 - Rhineland reoccupied • no response • 1936 - anti-Comintern Pact • with Japan • Anschluss • 1936 - pressure on Austria • 1938 - union declared • Sudentanland • Czechoslovakia • Chamberlain concedes • Poland • 1939, Hitler warns against invasion • > German-Soviet non-aggression pact

  6. II. The Epoch of the Aggressors • E. Responses • Chamberlain and Appeasement • Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) • 1937, Prime Minister • Munich Conference, September, 1938 • Chamberlain, Mussolini, Daladier, Hitler • accepts Hitler's demands • 1939 - Hitler takes Czecholovakia • Britain and France arm

  7. III. World War II • A. A New Way of War • Blitzkrieg (lightening war) • Mobility • Innovations • radar • airplanes • paratroopers • landing craft • flying bombs • amphibious forces • B. Blitzkrieg and Sitzkrieg • September 1, 1939 - Nazis into Poland • September 5, Britain and France declare war • 1939-40, Sitzkrieg • "phony war"

  8. III. World War II • C. "Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat" • 1940 - Norway and Denmark defeated • Dunkirk • Allies retreat • Chamberlain resigns • > Winston Churchill (1874-1965) • June 14, Paris falls • > Marshall Philippe Pétain (1856-1951) • premier • June 22, peace • > Vichy France • Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) • Free French Government • 1940-1 - Air raids on Britain

  9. III. World War II • D. Mastery of Europe • by March, 1941 • Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania join Axis • Mussolini • invades Greece, 1940 • defeated • 1941, Hitler assists • Yugoslavia, Greece defeated • E. War with the Soviet Union • Operation Barbarossa • June, 1941 • failure • Spring, 1942 • Red Army advancing

  10. III. World War II • F. The U.S. Enters the War 1941- Lend-Lease Act • $11 billion to Soviet Union • 1941 - Atlantic Charter • Roosevelt and Churchill • October • Konoe resigns • Tojo Hideki (1884-1948) • prime minister • Dec. 7, Pearl Harbor

  11. III. World War II • G. The Apogee of the Axis • 1942 - Japan expands in Pacific • Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaya, Burma, Vietnam • American victories: Coral Sea, Midway, Guadalcanal • November -El Alamein - British/American victory • 1943 - Axis defeat in North Africa • September, Armistice with Italy • The Russian Turning Point • Siege of Stalingrad • Sept., 1942-Feb., 1943 • 1944, Germans pushed out • Axis Collapse • June 6, 1944 - D-Day • Normandy • Yalta Conference, Feb., 1945 • Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill • four occupation zones • United Nations • May 8, 1945 - V-E Day

  12. III. World War II • H. The Holocaust • Concentration camps • Heinrich Himmler • Reinhard Heydrich • "Final Solution" • 3 million killed at Auschwitz • I. The Atomic Bomb • Potsdam Declaration • Truman and Clement Atlee • unconditional surrender • > Hiroshima, Nagasaki, 1945

  13. IV. Postwar Settlements • A. Costs • 55 million dead • Japanese - 1.7 million soldiers • 1 million civilians • Allied Occupation • Soviet Union • 25 million dead • B. Reprisals • Collaborators sentenced • C. Occupation • four zones: • British, French, American, Soviet

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