Module 1

1. Module 1 Air Pollution Overview Material Balances

2. What are we doing in class today? • Preliminaries • Handouts for Thursday’s SIP project • Office hours OK? • Do you have a clicker? • Is it registered? • Solutions to odd-numbered HW problems in back of book, remember you can work in groups • Do not do HW problem 1.21 • Review material and quiz • In-class problems • Conversions • Material balances MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

3. Educational Objectives • Name the NAAQS criteria pollutants and the standard values for PM2.5, CO, O3 • Define Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) • Describe and apply the New Source Performance Standards (NSPSs) • Describe the major air pollutants of concern, their major sources and why they are of concern (PM, SO2, NOx, VOCs and photochemical oxidants, CO) • Apply the ideal gas law • Convert from ppm to gm3 • Solve material balance problems MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

4. Clicker Question • Which of the following is not a criteria pollutant? • Particulate lead • Nitric oxide • PM2.5 MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

5. Air Pollution Control Strategies • The Emission Standard (e.g. NSPS) • Focuses on the emitter • Best available control technology (BACT) • Not very cost effective, but easy to enforce • The Air Quality Standard (e.g NAAQS) • Focuses on human health and welfare effects • Need to tie to emissions to enforce • Emissions Tax (e.g. miles-specific vehicle tax, Carbon emissions tax) • Economic incentives to pollute less • Market Control, Emission Rights (e.g. carbon trading) • Polluters trade amongst themselves a limited amount of credits MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

6. Emissions Trading • Implemented in 2005 in Europe • Goal is to reduce greenhouse gases and is based on permits for carbon use • Industry allocated targets for emissions of CO2 • if they beat these they will be able to sell permits to other businesses • If companies want to exceed their pollution allocations they will pay penalties or buy permits from other businesses • UK estimates that scheme will cost 1.2 billion USD • http://www.co2e.com/ MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

7. Clicker Question • In the CAAA of 1977, PSD of air quality in regions cleaner than the NAAQS was added. A Class I area was defined as: • An urban area • Farmland • A pristine area MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

8. New Source Review Permitting Program • President Bush made overhauling the NSR one of his top environmental priorities • National Academy of Sciences reviewed Bush’s NSR program • Suggests that Bush’s plans to reform the CAA are likely to allow higher emission levels at individual electric utility plants than the current NSR program • Clear Skies Bill proposed in 2005 but never passed in congress • EPA implemented CAIR in 2005 MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

9. You the Engineer and Permitting • The CAAA of 1990 requires that states administer permits for sources that potentially emit a controlled pollutant at a rate greater than the standard, for that type of source • You are required to look at CU’s Power house, which produces electricity and steam (heating) for CU and the Williams Village Dormitory MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

10. SPECS • Because it has the potential to emit: • >100 tons/yr of NOx • >100 tons/yr of CO • And it is in a non-compliance area for ozone (http://www.compliancepublishers.com/cc/cc1103.htm) • Then it must get an operating permit MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

11. What you do • You examine the plant, note type of equipment and find the turbines are subject to NSPS • Emissions limits for this kind of turbine are already outlined (NOx) • You recommend low-excess-air firing for the combustors (chapter 16, p 508) • You also require the plant install equipment for measuring flowrates, pollutant concentrations, etc. • You outline a reporting schedule MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

12. Clicker Questions • What is Title I of the 1990 CAA? • Mobile sources • Acid deposition • NAAQS • What is the PM2.5 standard? • 15 mg/m3 annual, 65 mg/m3 24 hour • 50 mg/m3 annual, 1500 mg/m3 24 hour MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

13. ACME Widget Co. Removal Source Transport and Fate Exposure Transport, Dilution, Alteration Install controls here MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

14. Sources • Air pollution sources include anything that releases anything to the air. • Power plants – electricity production • Factories, refineries • Painting • Cars and trucks • All buildings – cleaning products, heating, cooking,… • All people • let’s look at some of the prominent pollutant species. MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

15. Particulate Matter • Caused by • Materials-handling processes • Combustion • Gas conversion reactions • Affects • Visibility • Human health • Soiling of artifacts, electronics Fine particles MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

16. Fine PM is associated with mortality • London Fog • Donora, PA • Chimney sweeps MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

17. Sulfur Dioxide Vegetation damage, respiratory irritation, acid rain MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

18. Clicker Question • What is a main product of reactions that involve VOCs and NOx and sunlight? • Carbon monoxide • Benzene • ozone MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

19. Nitrogen Oxides Smog, vegetation damage, respiratory irritant, visibility MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

20. Carbon monoxide Health effects - slight headaches to death(>500/yr die due to fuel-burning appliances, 1000’s get sick) Residential heating Important! MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

21. Tools of the Trade • Ideal gas law • Material balance • Energy balance MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

22. STP • Standard temperature value in air pollution is? • 25 °C • Standard pressure value is? • 1 atm MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

23. MW Calculation • For each molecule, find (memorize) atomic weight from periodic table • Molecular weight = sum of atomic wts • Units are g/gmol, lb/lbmol, kg/kgmol MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

24. Ideal Gas Law Partial Pressure (can be expressed as ppm) Mass concentration MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

25. Clicker question (group) • TOOL: Use the ideal gas law to convert between ppm and mg/m3 • Convert the NO2 AQS of 100 mg/m3 to ppm • DATA: T=23 C, R=0.08206 atm-L/K-mol, P = 1 atm • Molecular weights? • 0.35 ppm • 0.053 ppm • 4.2 ppm MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

26. …and again… • Now convert a CO concentration of 35 ppm to mg/m3. MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

27. Clicker question • Given a flow rate of 30 L/min at 20C and 790 mm Hg • What is the flow rate at 200C and 730 mm Hg • 52 L/min • 45 L/min • 17 L/min MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1

28. Material Balances • Mass and heat balances are at the core of unit operations • Mass is neither created nor destroyed, may change form like in a chemical reaction • Same with energy MCEN 4131/5131 Modulel 1