HISTORY OF NETWORKS

1. HISTORY OF NETWORKS • Early communication networks only allowed communications between the stations on the local network • Connected to “central” mainframe Computer • Even Mini Computers under Unix had ports for “terminals”

2. 1960 J.C.R. Licklider • Some networks had gateways or bridges between them • these bridges were limited or built specifically for a single use • J.C.R. Licklider, pioneer in the call for a global network in his January 1960 paper – “Man-Computer Symbiosis”

3. "A network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band communication lines [which provide] the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions."

4. 1962, J.C.R. Licklider • appointed head of the United States Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) • formed an informal group within DARPA • identified need for inter-networking • formed the idea of ARPAnet

5. Packet switching • Main problem in internetworking - • connecting separate physical networks • to form one logical network • In 1960s Kleinrock, Baran & Davies • Independently conceptualized & developed network systems using datagrams or “Packets” • Several packet-switched networking solutions developed in the late 1960s and 1970s

6. The first ARPANET link • established between the University of California, Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute on 22:30 hours on October 29, 1969 • By 1981, the number of hosts • had grown to 213 • A new host was being added • approximately every twenty days • ARPANET became the technical • core of “the Internet”

7. ARPANET development was centered • around the Request for Comments • (RFC) processes • Still used today for proposing and • distributing Internet Protocols and Systems • RFC 1, entitled "Host Software", was • written by Steve Crocker from the • University of California, Los Angeles • and published on April 7, 1969

8. X.25 • Based on ARPA's research, packet • switching network standards were • developed by the International • Telecommunication Union (ITU) • Called X.25 and related standards • First approved in March 1976 • Britain, Europe & Australia used • International Packet Switched • Service (IPSS) finalised in 1978 • Popular worldwide by 1990

9. EARLY “WEBS” • Compuserve, Telnet examples of its implementation • Another popular one was AOL (Americaonline) • Offered Chat & BBS (Bulletin Board Services) • Also entertainment

10. INTERNET PROTOCOL SUITE • Disjointed separate networks, served only by limited gateways • Application of packet switching to • develop a protocol for internetworking • To join multiple different networks - • a super-framework of networks • By defining a common network system • Conceptual network could be separated from physical implementation

11. GLOBAL NETWORK • The idea that is now called the Internet • Based on standardized protocols • Officially implemented in 1982 • Adoption and interconnection quickly • Advanced telecommunication networks • of the western world helped • Then began to penetrate into the rest • of the world • Became the de-facto international standard

12. The Internet • The term "internet" was adopted in • the first RFC published on the TCP • protocol (RFC 675: Internet Transmission • Control Program, December 1974) • Abbreviation of the term Internetworking • In general, an internet was any network • using TCP/IP

13. Opening the network to commerce • The interest in commercial use of the • Internet became a hotly debated topic • Although commercial use was forbidden, • the exact definition of commercial use • could be unclear and subjective. • UUCPNet and the X.25 IPSS had no such • restrictions

14. NIC & IANA • The first central authority to coordinate • the operation of the Internet was the • Network Information Centre (NIC) at • Stanford Research Institute (SRI) • In 1972, management of these issues • was given to the newly created • Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

15. Domain Name System • Created by Paul Mockapetris • Defense Data Network • Network Information Center • (DDN-NIC) at SRI handled: • registration services • top-level domains of .mil, • gov, .edu, .org, .net, .com and .us • 3. root nameserver administration • 4. Internet number assignments

16. Internet Engineering Task Force • IETF started in January 1985 • Quarterly meeting of U.S. government • funded researchers. • Non-government vendors invited with the • fourth IETF meeting in October • In 1992, Internet Society, a professional • membership society formed • IETF transferred to operation under it • independent international standards body

17. EXIT DEFENSE DEPTT. • By 1990’s, most of the Internet • Became “non-military” • Department of Defense not to fund • registration services except .mil • In 1993 the U.S. National Science • Foundation created “InterNIC” to manage 1. allocations of addresses • 2. management of address databases

18. From gopher to the WWW • By early 1990s, increasing need to find • and organize files • Gopher & FTP Archive list attempted to • create ways to organize distributed data • Gopher menu items used of hypertext • Gopher first commonly-used hypertext • interface on the Internet

19. HYPERTEXT • The technology inspired by Vannevar • Bush's "Memex” • Developed through Ted Nelson's • research on Project Xanadu • Many small self-contained • hypertext systems had been created • E.g. Apple Computer's HyperCard.

20. WWW • In 1989 Tim Berners-Lee invented a • network-based implementation of hypertext • This became the World Wide Web • One early popular web browser, • modeled after HyperCard, was ViolaWWW • For his work in developing the World Wide • Web, Berners-Lee received the Millennium • technology prize in 2004.

21. MOSAIC • In 1993, a graphical browser developed • by a team led by Marc Andreessen • of National Center for Supercomputing • Applications, University of Illinois • Called the Mosaic web browser • A turning point for the World Wide Web

22. INTERNET EXPLORER • Mosaic's graphical interface became • more popular than text-based Gopher • WWW became the preferred • interface for accessing the Internet • Mosaic was displaced,in 1994 by • Andreessen's Netscape Navigator as • the world's most popular browser • Eventually competition from Internet • Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google • Chromea have completely displaced it