Chapter 2

1. Chapter 2 The Planting of English America, 1500–1733

2. I. England’s Imperial Stirrings • Initially hesitant to colonize overseas • Spain’s ally 1st half of the century. • Protestant Reformation • King Henry VIII broke for the Catholic Church • Catholics v. Protestants • Protestant Elizabeth (1558) rose to the thrown • Conflicted with Spain. Why?

3. II. Elizabeth Energizes England • Goals: promote Protestantism and plunder by seizing Spanish treasure ships. • Sir Francis Drake • Looted Spanish ships and property • Secretly knighted by Queen Elizabeth • Attempts to colonize • Sir Humphrey Gilbert • Obtained charter, but was lost at sea (Newfoundland) • Sir Walter Raleigh (1585) • Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina • Colony mysteriously disapeared

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6. III. England on the Eve of Empire • England’s victory over Spain • Ensured naval dominance • Dampened Spain’s fighting spirit • England population boom • Economic depression, unemployment • Primogeniture landowners forced to look elsewhere • Emergence and perfected Joint-stock companies • Modern corporation • Peace with Spain (1604) gave opportunity to colonize • Unemployment, adventure, markets, religious freedom all provided motives.

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8. IV. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling • Virginia Company (joint-stock) • Charter from King James I • Promise of gold and passage through America to the Indies • Guaranteed same rights as Englishmen and eventually extend to subsequent English colonies. • Remain with in the embrace of traditional English institution • Did not plan on long term colonization • hoped to make a quick buck and liquidize the profits • Jamestown (1607) http://youtu.be/vpA5O46Ioyk • http://youtu.be/ZINHFyVDp3s

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11. V. Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake • Powhatan’s Confederacy V. English Colonist • Starving colonist raid Indian food supply • Lord De L Warr declares war against Indians • Raided, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields. • First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614) • Peace with the marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas • Tensions and attacks • Va. Company orders “perpetual war without peace truce.” • Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644) • Peace in 1646 • Banished Chesapeake Indians from their land and formally separated Indian from white areas of settlement. • Difference between Spain and England with Indian relations • Spain put Indians to work in mines • No economic purpose to Virginia colonist

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13. VI. The Indians’ New World • Demographic and cultural transformation • Columbian exchange of animals, food, diseases • Reinvent their tribes for survival • Trade • Firearms • Resulted an increase of Indian on Indian violence • Struggled to keep up with the expanding Atlantic economy • Inland native, Algonquins, had advantages • Time, space, and numbers • British or French trader conform to Indian ways • Often taking Indian wives

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15. VII. Virginia: Child of Tobacco • http://youtu.be/vpA5O46Ioyk • Promoted plantation system and fresh labor • Makings of colonial slavery • 1619 reported 20 Africans • Seeds of slave system • 1650 reported 300 Africans • End of the century, 14% of the colony’s population • 1619 House of Burgesses • Representative self government • James I grew hostile toward VA. • Detested tobacco and distrusted House of Burgesses • Revoked the charter in 1624, became ROYAL COLONY

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17. VIII. Maryland: Catholic Haven • Lord Baltimore (1634) • Refuge for fellow Catholics • Tempers flared with back country planters (protestant) • Plan for a feudal system • Planation colony, tobacco • Depended on labor, indenture servants • Supported Act of Toleration, 1649 • Toleration of all Christians • Death penalty for Jews and atheists • Sheltered most Catholics than any other English speaking colony in the New World.

18. IX. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America • Spain weakened in area, England makes presence known. • Sugar plantations • Foundation of economy • Sugar cane, rich mans crop. • Extensive work , Wealthy growers • Huge numbers of enslaved Africans (out numbered whites) • Barbados Slave Code • Complete control, brutal punishments • Growth of sugar led to smaller farmers displaced • Migrated to southern mainland colonies • Brought with them enslaved Africans & Slave Code • Staging area for the slave system in English North America

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21. X. Colonizing the Carolinas • Prospered by developing close economic ties with West Indies • Vigorous slave trade • Enlisted aid from Savannah Indians to search for captives • Exporting Indians to West Indies • Rice emerged as principle export crop • Charles Town • Rapid busy sea port • Rich aristocratic flavor • Diverse community: French Protestant & Jews

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23. XI. The Emergence of North Carolina • “the quintessence of Virginia’s discontent.” • Squatters • Raised tobacco on small farms • Little need for slaves • Character traits • Poor, riffraff • Resistance to authority • Democratic, Independent-minded, and least aristocratic of the original 13 colonies • Similar to Rhode Island • Tuscarora War • Resulted in selling of hundreds into slavery, • Wanders went north and became 6th nation of the Iroquois Confederacy

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25. XII. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony • Last colony, meant to act as a buffer • Protect valuable Carolinas against vengeful Spaniards from Florida and French from Louisiana • Received monetary subsidies from British govt. • Only colony to receive such grants • At first rejected slave system • Haven for wretched imprisoned individual in debt • Melting pot community • Germans, Scots

26. XIII. The Plantation Colonies • Southern mainland Colonies: Md, Va, NC , SC, and Ga. • Exporting agricultural products • Tobacco and rice • Slavery, later Georgia • Scattering of plantations and farms retarded the growth of cities • Tax supported Church of England • http://youtu.be/7FLMPnDdgxo overview

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