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Motion in the Universe

Motion in the Universe. Earth’s relative motion. Daily Review. Kepler’s 1 st law states that planetary orbits are _________________ shapes? Kepler’s 2 nd law states that 2 equal intervals of time an imaginary line connecting a planet and the sun will sweep an equal amount of ___________?

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Motion in the Universe

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  1. Motion in the Universe Earth’s relative motion

  2. Daily Review • Kepler’s 1st law states that planetary orbits are _________________ shapes? • Kepler’s 2nd law states that 2 equal intervals of time an imaginary line connecting a planet and the sun will sweep an equal amount of ___________? • Kepler’s third law states that the innermost planets orbit ______________________ than the outermost planets. • Rotation is the earth spinning on it’s _________________. • One trip around the ______________ is called a revolution.

  3. Essential Standard • EEn.1.1 Explain the Earth’s role as a body in space. • EEn.1.1.1 Explain the Earth’s motion through space, including precession, nutation, the barycenter, and its path about the galaxy. • Explain relative motion of the Earth in the solar system, the solar system in the galaxy, and the galaxy in the universe—including the expanding nature of the universe; Orbital motion (Earth around the Sun- once/year, seasons depend upon an approximate 23.5 degree tilt); Rotation around our axis (day/night,)

  4. Essential Question • How do galaxies and planets move in the universe?

  5. Motions of Earth • Rotation • Turning or spinning of a body on its axis • Revolution • Motion of a body along a path around some point in space • Precession • Slight movement of Earth’s axis • 26,000 years

  6. Prove Earth is Rotating? OK! Rotation • Results in day and night • 24 hours • 1,667 km/hr (1,036 mi/hr)

  7. revolution • Earth moves around the sun in an elliptical orbit • Speeds around 107,000 km/hr (66,500 mph) • Average distance is 150 million kilometers • Perihelion is the point where earth is closest to the sun • Aphelion is the point where earth is farthest from the sun

  8. Earth's Seasons Earth’s axis and Seasons • Earth’s axis is tilted about 23.5º on its axis • This tilt brings the sun 23.5º south of the equator on the winter solstace • This tilt bring the sun 23.5º north of the equator on the summer solstace

  9. Precession and polar shift Precession • Direction which earth’s axis points changes very slowly over time without a change in tilt • Takes about 26,000 years to complete one period • Currently the axis points toward Polaris making it the North Star, in 14,000 years Vega will be the North Star.

  10. Earth's not orbiting the sun?! Earth-Sun Motion • Earth accompanies the sun as the entire solar system speeds toward a distant star, Vega • The sun revolves around the galaxy • Over 230 million years • At 250 km/sec • Now Earth is approaching our nearest galactic neighbor, Andromeda

  11. Motions of the Earth-moon system • Earth’s only natural satellite • Orbit’s Earth in one month • When viewed from the North Pole, the orbit is counterclockwise • Average distance is 384,401 kilometers • Point close to the Earth is Perigee • Point farthest from Earth is Apogee

  12. Moon Phases Phases of the Moon supermoon • Phases are the amount of moon that appears lit • Half of the moon is always illuminated • Phases result from the motion of the moon and the sunlight reflected from its surface • Every 29.5 days

  13. Tides (pg 458) tidal mystery bay of fundy • Daily elevation changes of the ocean surface. • Rhythmic • Caused by gravitational pull of the moon • Atmosphere and ocean are fluids and free to move due to this force. • The sun is further away resulting in less tug

  14. Nutation gyroscope demo • The moon pulls on Earth and Earth pulls on the moon • This pull causes the Earth to wobble on its axis by about ½ a degree. • Changing in the tilt of the Earth’s axis • How does this differ from precession?

  15. Barycenter barycenter animation barycenter • Point between 2 or more objects where they balance each other • Point where 2 celestial bodies orbit each other

  16. More Barycenter • When a moon orbits a planet or a planet orbits a star, both are actually orbiting a point outside the center of the larger body. • The moon and earth actually orbit a spot about 1,710 km below earth’s surface.

  17. Earth’s shape

  18. Earth’s shape • Not a true sphere • Called an oblate spheroid, geoid, or ellipsoid

  19. Circumference and diameter • Not equal throughout • Poles are squished making a bulge at the equator • Diameter and circumference are greater at the equator than at the poles.

  20. Why? • Earth’s rotation and gravity • Gravity pulls on the mass causing it to contract • Rotation causes earth to flatten due to centrifugal force • The force that causes objects to move outward, away from the center of gravity • We call this the coriolis effect coriolis effect

  21. Local Topography • Topography- study of surface shape and feature • On a global scale this difference is very small • Mt. Everest is about 8,850 m above sea level • The Mariana Trench is about 10,900 m below sea level • The difference is only about 19,000 m or 12 mi

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