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Sound: Properties and Functions

Sound: Properties and Functions. Technical Theatre I. Introduction to Sound. Acoustics is the science that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound; the study of sound The students will learn the properties of sound and its applications in theatre

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Sound: Properties and Functions

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  1. Sound: Properties and Functions Technical Theatre I Tech I Lighting Unit

  2. Introduction to Sound • Acoustics is the science that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound; the study of sound • The students will learn the properties of sound and its applications in theatre • Understanding sound is essential to sound design Tech I Lighting Unit

  3. Properties of Sound (the Science) • Sound is a vibration of a medium • Medium – a material that transmits energy • Speed varies depending on pressure, temperature • 1129 ft/sec, 770 mi/hr in air, • 4708 ft/sec, 3210 mi/hr in water • 3.17 mi/sec in steel • What we hear is based on perceived vibrations Tech I Lighting Unit

  4. Measuring Sound • Sound travels in waves (sound waves), which are transferences of energy via rapid changes in the density of a medium • Sound waves are measured by speed, wavelength, amplitude, and frequency Tech I Lighting Unit

  5. Measuring Sound (Wavelength) • Wavelength (λ)– the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern; the distance from one crest to the next repeated crest, or one trough to the next repeated trough • λ of a 10,000Hz sound –> 1.35 inches • λ of a 188Hz sound –> 6 feet Tech I Lighting Unit

  6. Measuring Sound (Amplitude) • Amplitude – (A) the distance of the crests and/or troughs of a waveform from the neutral line • Amplitude in sound waves is representative of intensity, or Volume (loudness) • Volume is measured in decibels (dB, or deci-Bells), a logarithmic scale • <85 dB is considered harmful • <95 dB can cause permanent damage if exposed for prolonged periods • <125 dB can cause instant hearing damage Tech I Lighting Unit

  7. Measuring Sound (Frequency) • Frequency – (f) the number of occurrences of a repeated event per unit of time; pitch • Usually measured in occurrences per second, or Hertz (Hz) • Human hearing is usually represented as being “20 to 20,” i.e. 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (or 20kHz) • Our hearing is typically more like 22 Hz to 18kHz, and continues to decrease as people age Tech I Lighting Unit

  8. Frequencies (Do you hear what I hear?) • 440 Hz • 1000 Hz • 1500 Hz • 2 kHz • 4 kHz • 8 kHz • 14 kHz • 15 kHz • 16 kHz • 17 kHz • 18 kHz • 19 kHz • 19.5 kHz Tech I Lighting Unit

  9. Adding Frequencies • Adding two identical frequencies in the same phase reinforces the sound • Adding two identical frequencies 180° out of phase cancels out the sound Tech I Lighting Unit

  10. Adding Frequencies (continued) • Adding two different frequencies results in a different frequency, reinforced in some places & cancelled in others Tech I Lighting Unit

  11. Timbre and Harmonics • Few sounds are pure tones; most sound is made up of a combination of frequencies and amplitudes • Timbre - /tam’-bər/ a quality given to a sound by its overtones (harmonics) • Harmonic – a frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental Tech I Lighting Unit

  12. Perception of Sound • Distance – decreases the volume (the Inverse Square Law); air absorbs higher frequencies • Loudness – humans hear 2k-4k Hz best, thus this range is perceived loudest • Masking – one sound obscured by others; lower usually masks higher Tech I Lighting Unit

  13. Functions of Sound in Theatre • Sound Effects – (FX) used to illustrate ideas in a play or establish ambience, i.e. radios, explosions, trees rustling in the wind, crickets at night, sounds of machinery in a manufacturing plant • Underscoring – music used to establish or reinforce mood • Live Reinforcement – microphones used to boost the loudness of existing sound(s) Tech I Lighting Unit

  14. The Path of Sound • Source – can be live or pre-recorded • Microphones, pick-ups, synthesizers • Or CD, tape, MD, mp3 or other computer file type, record, etc. • Amplifier – adds power to source signal, boosts mic, instrument, or line level to speaker level • Processor – can affect signals with effects or ehancements • Output – either speaker or recording device Tech I Sound Unit

  15. The Sound System 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 15

  16. Input sources: 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 16

  17. Microphone Synthesizer Computer CD Equalizer Patch Panel Effects Processor Compressor Amplifier Delay Amplifier Crossover Mixing Console 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 17

  18. Input sources: -Microphones 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 18

  19. Microphone Synthesizer Computer CD Equalizer Patch Panel Effects Processor Compressor Amplifier Delay Amplifier Crossover Mixing Console 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 19

  20. Input sources: -Microphones -Synthesizer 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 20

  21. Microphone Synthesizer Computer CD Equalizer Patch Panel Effects Processor Compressor Amplifier Delay Amplifier Crossover Mixing Console 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 21

  22. Input sources: -Microphones -Synthesizer -Computer 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 22

  23. Microphone Synthesizer Computer CD Equalizer Patch Panel Effects Processor Compressor Amplifier Delay Amplifier Crossover Mixing Console 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 23

  24. Input sources: -Microphones -Synthesizer -Computer -CD 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 24

  25. Microphone Synthesizer Computer CD Equalizer Patch Panel Effects Processor Compressor Amplifier Delay Amplifier Crossover Mixing Console 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 25

  26. Signal Processing: 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 26

  27. Signal Processing: -Equalizer 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 27

  28. Microphone Synthesizer Computer CD Equalizer Patch Panel Effects Processor Compressor Amplifier Delay Amplifier Crossover Mixing Console 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 28

  29. Signal Processing: -Equalizer -Effects Processor 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 29

  30. Microphone Synthesizer Computer CD Equalizer Patch Panel Effects Processor Compressor Amplifier Delay Amplifier Crossover Mixing Console 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 30

  31. Signal Processing: -Equalizer -Effects Processor -Compressor 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 31

  32. Microphone Synthesizer Computer CD Equalizer Patch Panel Effects Processor Compressor Amplifier Delay Amplifier Crossover Mixing Console 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 32

  33. Signal Processing: -Equalizer -Effects Processor -Compressor -Delay 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 33

  34. Microphone Synthesizer Computer CD Equalizer Patch Panel Effects Processor Compressor Amplifier Delay Amplifier Crossover Mixing Console 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 34

  35. Signal Processing: -Equalizer -Effects Processor -Compressor -Delay -Crossover 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 35

  36. Microphone Synthesizer Computer CD Equalizer Patch Panel Effects Processor Compressor Amplifier Delay Amplifier Crossover Mixing Console 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 36

  37. Output Sources: 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 37

  38. Output Sources: -Amplifier 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 38

  39. Microphone Synthesizer Computer CD Equalizer Patch Panel Effects Processor Compressor Amplifier Delay Amplifier Crossover Mixing Console 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 39

  40. Output Sources: -Amplifier -Loud Speakers 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 40

  41. Microphone Synthesizer Computer CD Equalizer Patch Panel Effects Processor Compressor Amplifier Delay Amplifier Crossover Mixing Console 11/10/2014 Tech I Sound Unit 41

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