HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Summarized and prepared by: Prof. Marian A. Malig-on,MIM Prof. Cheryl R. Amante, MIM

2. The first computers were people! "Computer" was originally a job title: used to describe those human beings (predominantly women) whose job was to perform repetitive calculations required to compute such things as: navigational tables tide charts and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs.

3. Imagine you had a job where hour after hour, day after day, you were to do nothing but compute multiplications. Boredom would quickly set in, leading to carelessness, leading to mistakes. And even on your best days you wouldn't be producing answers very fast. Therefore, inventors have been searching for hundreds of years for a way to mechanize (that is, find a mechanism that can perform) this task.

4. The need to use devices to calculate to keep track of information has long been recognized by man. At some point of antiquity, our ancestors used some objects to represent digits since it is impossible to perform calculations beyond the limited scope of one’s fingers and toes.

5. The word “to calculate” is derived from the Latin word “calculus” which means “small stones”, suggests that pebbles or beads were used as illustrated by Chinese as early as 1200 A.D. (used in Egypt in 500 BC) for calculating data.

6. ABACUS • NAPIER’S BONES • SLIDE RULE I. EARLY COUNTING AND CALCULATING DEVICES

7. first man made computing device made up of beads, by moving the beads that have different positional significance on the rods • performs Addition and Subtraction. • were used by the Chinese around 200 B.C known as “saunpan”; in Japan it was known as “soroban” ABACUS

8. Modern abacus A very old abacus Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation

9. The Abacus was so efficient that it spread far and wide and in some lands, it is still in use. The Abacus met competition as a computing tool in the 17th century. During this era, European thinkers were fascinated by the challenge of making devices to aid in calculations.

10. JOHN NAPIER Scotchman, theologian, mathematician and designer of military weapons who discovered LOGARITHMS in 1614. NAPIER’S BONES

11. LOGARITHMS - a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, originally obtained from a printed table. An alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks are called Napier's Bones.

12. consists of segmented rods so that answer to multiplication is found by adding numbers in horizontally adjacent section invented in 1617.

13. William Oughtred English mathematician who combined Napier’s Table into a handy device for rapid calculation SLIDE RULE

14. Invented in late 1620s (1632) that makes multiplication done faster. It is operated by sliding one ruler over the other.

15. ARITHMETIC ENGINE • STEPPED RECKONER • MECHANICAL LOOM • DIFFERENCE MACHINE (DIFFERENCE ENGINE) • ANALYTICAL ENGINE • SCHEUTZ DIFFERENCE ENGINE II. MECHANICAL CALCULATING DEVICES

16. BLAISE PASCAL French mathematician and experimental physicist, at age 19 ARITHMETIC ENGINE

17. better known as PASCALINE a cigar box sized, patterned after the abacus, but instead of using hands to move the beads or counters, using pegged wheels. Invented in 1642 for tax collection problems in France

18. FRONT REAR a mechanical adding machine that could ADD and SUBTRACT numbers up to 8 digits. performs computation by dialing a number of series of wheels.

19. GOTTFRIED WILHELM VON LEIBNIZ a German Philosopher and mathematician STEPPED RECKONER

20. an improvement of Pascal’s machine which is a form of calculator in 1674 • for his father’s mercantile business • it can add, subtract, multiply, divide and extract square roots.

21. Although stepped reckoner employed the decimal number system (each drum had 10 flutes), Leibniz was the first to advocate use of the binary number system which is fundamental to the operation of modern computers. He is considered one of the greatest of the philosophers but he died poor and alone.

22. When the age of industrialization spread throughout Europe, machines became regular fixtures in agricultural and production sites.

23. JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD A Frenchman MECHANICAL LOOM

24. It uses punched cards that is used to weave fabrics in1801 The invention was not a computer; its only contribution was the idea that a machine can do repetitious jobs 24 hours a day without subject to boredom.

25. noting the repetitious nature of the task requires weavers working on looms devised a stiff card with a series of holes punched in it. The card blocked certain threads from entering the loom and let other threads go on to complete the weave. It can weave flower design or any pictures of animals with ease.

26. The idea of using a punched card to store a pre determined pattern to be woven by the loom ingrained in the mind of Charles Babbage.

27. CHARLES BABBAGE a French mathematician constructed a demonstration model based on the rotating wheel principle. His preliminary model was made with toothed wheels on shafts turned by a crank. The model was so received that he built a full scale working version. DIFFERENCE MACHINE

28. Enlisting the aid of a prestigious association of scientists in England of the Royal Society, hem was able to get a grant from the British Government to construct a full scale working version. Expected to be finished in 3 years, Babbage however worked on it for 10 years with the engine growing more complex as he modified, enhanced and redesigned it. . Invented in 1822

29. The British Govt. had decided then to withdraw its financial support. Despite the setback, Babbage kept going……… Babbage conceived on another machine in 1835. It can perform all mathematical calculations, store values in its “memory” and perform logical comparisons among values.

30. Babbage was the first person to conceived that a computing machine must be composed of an input device (he used a card reader), a memory (he called it “The Store”), a central processing unit (he called “The Mill”), and an output device (he used a printer”) making him to be called as “THE FATHER OF MODERN DAY COMPUTER”

31. He conceived of a machine that could direct to work by means of punched cards. The machine could store partial answers which are later used in performing additional operations. The machine could also print the results of its calculations. It was never built however all that exists of it are reams of plans and drawings and a small portion of the mill and printer built by Babbage’s son..

32. What was the missing in Babbage’s dream was electronics-because technology at that time has not even thought of electronics.

33. LADY ADA AUGUSTA BYRON worked with Babbage when she was 27. She helped developed the instructions for doing computations for the analytical engine. She translated Charles ideas and she was better at explaining Charles machine than he was.

34. Her suggestions that punched cards could be prepared to instruct Babbage engine to repeat certain operations has led some people to call her ”THE FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER.”

35. PEHR GEORG SCHEUTZ A Swedish Printer, Inventor and Translator SCHEUTZ DIFFERENCE ENGINE

36. A modified version of Babbage Difference Machine A generous advice by Babbage where he finally saw the creation performed in London.

37. PUNCHED CARD MACHINES • Atanasoff-Berry Computer • MARK 1 (AUTOMATIC SEQUENCED CONTROLLED CALCULATOR ) • COMPLEX NUMERICAL CALCULATOR • Z1-Z4 • ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) • EDSAC ( ELECTRONIC DELAY STORAGE AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR) • EDVAC (ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE COMPUTER) III. DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS

38. Herman Hollerith a German-American statistician PUNCHED CARD MACHINES

39. It adopted the punched card concept of Jacquard. It is developed for use by the U.S. Bureau of Census in tabulating and sorting data developed in 1886.

40. An operator working at a Hollerith Desk Preparation of punched cards for the U.S. census

41. THOMAS J. WATSON – the Founder of IBM. He had worked for the Tabulating Machine Company. But due to its differences of opinions on how to run the company with Hollerith, he resigned. In 1924, he went to form another company, IBM, and became giant in business market first as a supplier of calculators then as developer of computers.

42. JOHN VINCENT ATANASOFF a physics and mathematics professor at Iowa State College Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

43. CLIFFORD BERRY an American inventor A graduate student of John Atanasoff Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

44. The first digital computer that worked electronically. It made use of the base 2 or binary system. It had the capability of solving simultaneous equations in as many as 24 unknowns with a degree of accuracy. The idea came up to Atanasoff for linking the computer memory and associated logic - the basic concepts for the electronic digital computer developed in 1939.

45. Howard Aiken a pioneer in computing MARK 1 (AUTOMATIC SEQUENCED CONTROLLED CALCULATOR )

46. developed in1944 • 8 feet high and 55 feet long, made of streamlined steel and glass that weighed 5 tons. • can perform division, multiplication, addition, and subtraction in a specified sequence determined by setting the switches.

47. the first general-purpose electromechanical computer

48. One of the primary programmers for the Mark I was a woman, Grace Hopper. Found the first computer "bug": a dead moth that had gotten into the Mark I and whose wings were blocking the reading of the holes in the paper tape. The word "bug" had been used to describe a defect since at least 1889 but Hopper is credited with coining the word "debugging" to describe the work to eliminate program faults.

49. GEORGE STIBITZ a research mathematician with Bell Telephone Lab. SAMUEL WILLIAMS Bell Switching Engineer COMPLEX NUMERICAL CALCULATOR

50. Can subtract, multiply and as well as add complex numbers. This calculator was presented to be used for remote controlled electromechanical computation. Stibitz realized that Boolean Logic (an idea developed by George Boole based on the Binary number system) can be used for circuitry of electromechanical telephone relays.