High Energy Astrophysics

1. High Energy Astrophysics - Detectors & Missions Dr. Gerald J. (Jerry) Fishman NASA – Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, AL USA July 4, 2002

2. High Energy Astrophysics • Usual Methods of Study: • X-ray Astronomy • Gamma-Ray Astronomy • Cosmic Ray Astrophysics • But Also: • Radio, Optical, IR, … • (And Two New Astronomies: • Neutrino Astronomy • Gravitational Astronomy )

3. Electromagnetic Spectrum / Temperature Scale

4. V.F. Hess (1883-1964) – Nobel Prize 1936

5. X-ray & Gamma-Ray “Telescopes” • Collimator • Coded Aperture • Grazing Incidence Mirror • Nothing (Un-collimated) • . • . Aperture: Detector: CCD Proportional Counter Scintillation Detector . . .

6. High-Energy Gamma-Ray “Telescopes” : - Compton Telescope - Pair-tracking Telescope - Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope

7. High-Energy Photon Interactions- the Basis for all Detectors • Photoelectric Effect • Compton Scattering • Pair Production

8. Photoelectric Interaction Photon knocks out a bound electron, losing all of its energy to the electron CCDs, Proportional Counters, Scintillation Detectors, . .

9. Compton Scattering Photon scatters off of an electron, losing part of its energy to the electron and continues in another direction Scintillation Detectors, Compton Telescope

10. Pair Production A very high energy electron interacts with matter and produces an electron-positron pair (E=mc2) Used in: Pair-tracking Telescope

11. UHURU (SAS-1) First X-ray Astronomy Satellite 1970-1974

12. HEAO Program: 1978 - 1982 High Energy Astronomy Observatory - Had Observational Support from AAVSO

13. The Great Observatories (4) : Hubble Space Telescope 1990 - ~2010 Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory 1991 - 2000 Chandra X-Ray Observatory 1999 - ~2010 SIRTF (Space InfraRed Telescope Facility) 2003 - ~2006 High Energy Missions

14. X-Ray Astronomy Collimated Detectors (Non-Focusing) • ( - Primarily for sky surveys and timing studies) • Timeframe • Uhuru (SAS-1), ANS, Ariel-5, • SAS-3, HEAO-A1, … 1970s • EXOSAT, WATCH/GRANAT, … 1980s • BeppoSAX, Rossi-XTE 1990s

15. Focusing X-Ray Optics

16. X-ray Astronomy (Focusing) • Einstein (HEAO-2) • Currently in Orbit & Operational: • CHANDRA XMM-Newton • Future: • XEUS Constellation-X

17. Constellation – X (Con-X) • Four identical satellites • ~100x present sensitivity • Launched singly or in pairs • Extended truss in orbit

18. Constellation – X (Con-X) Two Spacecraft in Atlas V Shroud

20. Constellation-X Sensitivity

21. XEUS The Xeus Mirror Spacecraft:

22. XEUS Two-Component S/C - flying in formation with Space Station

23. Gamma-Ray Astronomy – Future Developments Hard X-rays & GRBs Nuclear H.E. Gammas (>20 MeV) BATSE OSSE COMPTEL EGRET HETE-2 SWIFT INTEGRAL Future: GLAST EXIST - Distant Future ACT - Distant Future CGRO

24. SWIFT • ~1000 GRBs studied over a three year period • 0.3-2.5 arcsec positions for each GRB • Multiwavelength observatory (gamma, X-ray, UV and • optical) • 20-70s reaction time • Five times more sensitive than BATSE • Spectroscopy from 0.2-150 keV • Six colors covering 170-650nm • Capability to directly measure redshift • GRB Positions publicly distributed within seconds

25. SWIFT

26. The INTEGRAL Mission • Scheduled for Launch: Oct. 2002 • Two Major Instruments: IBIS & SPIE • Energy Range: 15 keV to 20 MeV

27. The SPIE Instrument on the INTEGRAL Spacecraft Coded Aperture >> Coded Aperture >> Ge Detector Array >>

28. GLAST

29. GLAST Large Area Telescope (LAT) Pair-Tracker Section >> Scintillation Detector >>

30. GLAST • GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) • Principal Investigator: Charles Meegan, MSFC • No. Detectors: 14 • NaI  (12)    5keV - 1 MeV • BGO  (2)    150 keV - 30 MeV Un-collimated Scint. Detector Array

31. Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST) • Obscured AGNs • GRBs out to z ~20-30 (~20X BATSE; ~5X Swift sensitivity) • All-sky imaging (5’ resolution; ~5-50”position) every 95min

32. EXIST Side View Detector-collimator & Telescope

33. EUSO – Extreme Energy Cosmic Rays Observed via optical emissions from above:

35. Neutrino Astronomy • Large Amount of Material Needed • to Interact with and Detect Neutrinos

37. Gravitational Wave Astronomy Space Ground LISA LIGO

38. LIGO

39. LISA Mission LISA : Scientific Objectives LISA : Scientific Objectives LISA - Baseline, 3 S/C

40. X-ray Astronomy in Japan Hakucho 1979-1985 Tenma 1983-1989 Ginga 1987-1991 ASCA 1993-2001

41. ASTRO-E2

42. The End

44. Back-up slides

45. Centaurus A

46. High Energy Astrophysics - The study of objects and regions of space where the energy density is much greater than that of normal stars and galaxies • Some Objects of HEA: • Compact Objects* & Binary Systems • Cosmic Rays • Solar Flares • AGNs • GRBs, … • *- BHs, Neutron stars, Strange stars

47. Gamma-Ray Astronomy - Evolution Balloon Flights – Continuous Development of Instrumentation, Techniques & Initial Observations Early, Small Spacecraft: Explorer-11, SAS-3, COS-B Later, Major Spacecraft: HEAO-1, HEAO-3, GRANAT/SIGMA Compton GRO Hard X-rays & GRBs Nuclear H.E. Gammas (>20 MeV) BATSE OSSE COMPTEL EGRET

48. The IBIS Instrument on the INTEGRAL Spacecraft