Neurobiology I – Bio 334

1. Neurobiology I – Bio 334 SuhitaNadkarni (suhita@iiserpune.ac.in) RaghavRajan (raghav@iiserpune.ac.in) Monday – 10:30 – 11:25 am Thursday – 2:30 – 3:25pm Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

2. What is neurobiology? • Scientific study of the nervous system (Wikipedia) • Many different sub-areas and sub-categories Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

3. Why study neurobiology? Men ought to know that from the brain, and from the brain only, arise our pleasures, joy, laughter and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, griefs and tears - Hippocrates (400 BC) If our brains were simple enough for us to understand them, we’d be so simple that we couldn’t - Ian Stewart (mathematician) Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

4. History of Neuroscience • Gives an interesting perspective Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

5. Early neurosurgery - Trephination or Trepannation – as early as 6500 BC • Skulls discovered in France had holes in them (about 40/120) • To treat injuries, migraines, epilepsy, etc. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepanning Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

6. Ancient Egyptians did not consider the brain important • Yet, early references to the brain by them in 1700 B.C. • Possibly by Imhotep (Mummy fame!), great Egyptian surgeon • References in the Edwin-Smith surgical papyrus of patients http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/papy.html Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

7. Case 6: A gaping wound in the head, fracture of the skull and opening of the meninges. This case describes the: • Convolutions of the brain - the author of the papyrus describes these "like those corrugations which form molten copper." This most likely refers to the wrinkled appearance of the brain created by the gyri and sulci of the brain. "Corrugations" of the Brain • Meninges (coverings of the brain) - described as the membrane enveloping the brain. "Membrane" enveloping the Brain • Cerebrospinal fluid - described as the fluid in the interior of the head. "Fluid" in the Interior of the Head Case 6 was "An ailment not to be treated." http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/papy.html Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

8. Ancient Greeks divided in their opinion • Mind-body dualism • The mind and body are separate • What is mind? No matter. What is matter? Never mind. • George Berkeley (Irish philosopher) Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

9. Brain or cephalocentric hypothesis started around ~550 B.C. • Pythagorus, Alcmaeon of Croton • Studied vision • Concluded that the eyes are light bearing paths to the brain • Eyes have light (phospenes) and water (dissection) http://schatz.sju.edu/neuro/nphistory/nphistory.html Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

10. Hippocrates – theory of humors • Human beings have a soul and a body • Body made up of 4 substances or humors • Balance of the humors is important for good health http://www.hormones.gr/17/article/article.html Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

11. Hippocrates like Alcmaeon believed the brain to be the seat of intelligence • Seat of intelligence • Controller of senses, emotion, movement, etc…. (the works) • Correctly diagnosed epilepsy, etc. as disorders of the brain • Also recognised that paralysis occurred on the side opposite to the side with damage http://www.princeton.edu/~cggross/Neuroscientist_95-1.pdf Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

12. Aristotle turns the clock back – “learning by heart” • Heart is the seat of intelligence • Brain, lungs are all for cooling the heart • REASONS • Heart develops first • Is present in all organisms • Is connected to all senses http://www.princeton.edu/~cggross/Neuroscientist_95-1.pdf Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

13. Galen – puts us back on course • Very interesting observations • Sensory fibres – softer – for sensory experience • Motor fibres - firmer – for action • Similarly – cerebrum is soft and so is sensory • Cerebellum – hard – must control motor function • Cerebrum – soft, can be moulded – must therefore store memories • Three lefts make a right and A few wrongs can also make a right! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

14. Brain and nerves – part of a larger plumbing system controlled by the pineal gland • Animal spirit (liquid + air) • Brain a large clot of phlegm • Described ventricles in great detail http://bertie.ccsu.edu/naturesci/Evolution/Unit10Background/GalenPhysio.html Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

15. Cell doctrine – ventricles and intelligence • Nemesius and St. Augustine (130 – 200 A.D.) • Anterior ventricle – “common sense” • Middle ventricle – action • Posterior ventricle - memory http://schatz.sju.edu/neuro/nphistory/nphistory.html http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

16. Andreas Vesalius, using anatomy discredited the ventricular theory • Other mammals like the ass have the same organisation • Ventricles store animal spirits http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

17. Descartes – Pineal gland controls all the plumbing • Small filaments that can be controlled by external stimuli http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

18. Pineal gland controls sleep and waking by controlling the flow of animal spirits http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

19. A lot of careful anatomy, observations of white matter, gray matter, etc. Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

20. Luigi Galvani - bioelectricity http://electricityrit.blogspot.in/2783/02/frog-legs-galvanis-research-into.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Galvani Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

21. Localization of function within the brain - Phrenology • Frafz Josef Gall • Bumps on the head related to various functions http://www.phrenology.com/franzjosephgall.html http://www3.niu.edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/2004/phrenology.htm Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

22. Purkinje cells – described by Purkinje https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Purkinje http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_cell Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

23. Flourens – uniform function throughout brain • Through ablations suggested that the whole brain was equivalent http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.html Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

24. Broca – localized function returnsWernicke supports idea • Broca’s aphasia – patient could only say “Tan” • Wernicke’s aphasia – patient spoke nonsense http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.html Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

25. Localization set in stone – Broadmann areas http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Brodmann_Areas.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

26. Golgi and Cajal – the neuron doctrine – Nobel prize in 1906 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

27. Penfield – homunculus – Grandmother cell http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield http://teddysratlab.blogspot.in/2011/07/curious-things-we-learned-from-epilepsy.html Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

28. And now – Karl Deisseroth – optogenetics Science fiction becomes reality Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience