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Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

816343 Environmental Risk Analysis and Management. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). Amelie Schneider, 1341251 & Beke Katharina Jeschkies , 1341327 Examiner : Em . O.Univ.Prof . Dipl.- Ing . Dr . Hans-Peter Nachtnebel. Objectives and Methods. Objectives:

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Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

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  1. 816343 Environmental Risk Analysis and Management Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) Amelie Schneider, 1341251 & Beke Katharina Jeschkies, 1341327 Examiner: Em. O.Univ.Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Hans-Peter Nachtnebel

  2. Objectives and Methods Objectives: • to illustrate the concept of Life Cycle Impact Assessment • Case study Method: • literature research Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  3. Overview • Introduction • Methodology • Case study • Discussion • Conclusion • References Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  4. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References 1. Introduction • importanceof Life Cycle Assessment • fromraw material towastedisposal • 4 phases Source: Olsen et al. (2001) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  5. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References Key featuresof LCIA: • toconcentrateinformationfrom LCI • identifyingimportant environmental problem • formsconclusionsfromthe LCA Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  6. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References 2. Methodology Key steps: • Selectionand Definition of Impact Categories 2. Classification 3. Characterization 4. Normalization 5. WeightingorGrouping mandatory optional Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  7. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References • Selectionand Definition of Impact Categories • impactcategory = a classrepresenting environmental issuesofconcerntowhich LCI resultsareassigned Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  8. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References 2. Classification • Organizationofparametersaccordingtoimpactcategories Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  9. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References 3. Charaterization • characterizationfactor • quantificationandtranslationofinventoryresultintoimpactindicators Inventory Data x Characterization Factor = Impact Indicators environmental effect on human healthandecologicalquality Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  10. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References ExampleofcommonlyusedLife Cycle Impact Category Source: Ownrepresentationbased on US EPA (2006) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  11. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References 4. Normalisation(optional) • outcomesofcharaterizationareassociatedtoreferencevalues Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  12. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References 5. Weigthing(optional) • valueisassignedtorespectiveweight • trade-off situations or Grouping(optional) • arrangementofimpactcategories in groupsbysortingorranking Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  13. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References Midpoint and endpoint approach Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  14. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References Schematic presentation of an environmental mechanism underlying the modelling impacts and damages in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (Finnveden et al., 2009) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  15. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References • ISO provides rough framework • development of different methodologies based on specific cases • no global consensus Examples: EDIP 97, Impact 2002, USES-LCA, CML 2002 or Eco-indicator 99 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  16. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References 3. Case Study • (eco)toxicity of detergents in aquatic environment • Objectives:  to compare three different LCIA methods • to compare three laundry detergent types Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  17. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References Materials: • detergent types: Regular Powder (RP) Compact Powder (CP) Compact Liquid (CL) • data from internal and external databases of the US EPA Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  18. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References • Market data was used to define the discharge of ingredients Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  19. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References LCIA methods: • EDPIP97 (chronic aquatic ecotoxicity) • USES-LCA (freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, marine water ecotoxicity) • IMPACT 2002 (aquatic ecotoxicity) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  20. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References • Limited system boundaries for the LCIA Source: Pant et al. (2004) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  21. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References Results EDIP97 results for chronic aquatic ecotoxicity (ETWC) USES-LCA results for freshwater ecotoxicity Source: Pant et al. (2004) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  22. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References Results Impact 2002 results for aquatic ecotoxicity USES-LCA results for marine water ecotoxicity Source: Pant et al. (2004) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  23. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References Results • different toxicity scores • different detergent types Comparison of product rankings according to LCIA. Source: Pant at al. (2004) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  24. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References 4. Discussion • different methodologies show different results  challenges reliability of results • “gaps” between LCI and LCIA • normalization and weighting steps • uncertain, subjective and unreliable • uncertainties not considered Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  25. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References 5. Conclusion • mandatory and optional steps • different methods under same conditions show different results • effective tool providing information to decision-makers • good approach towards identification of environmental impacts Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  26. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References 6. References • Azapagic, A. (1999). Life cycle assessment and its application to process selection, design and optimisation. Chemical engineering journal, 73(1), 1-21. • Bare, J.C., Hofstetter, P., Pennington, D.W., Udo de Haes, H.A. (2000). Midpoint versus Endpoint: The Sacrifices and Benefits. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 5(6), 319-326. • European Commission (2010). ILCD Handbook – Analysis of existing Environmental Impact Assessment methodologies for use in Life Cycle Assessment [online]. Available at http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/2014/01/ILCD-Handbook-LCIA-Background- analysis- online-12March2010.pdf [accessed 29.04.2014] • Finnveden, G., Hauschild, M. Z., Ekvall, T., Guinee, J., Heijungs, R., Hellweg, S. & Suh, S. (2009). Recent developments in life cycle assessment. Journal of environmental management, 91(1), 1-21. • Guinée, J.B., Gorrée, M., Heijungs, R., Huppes, G., Kleijn, R., Koning, A. de, Oers, L. van, Wegener Sleeswijk, A., Suh, S., Udo de Haes, H.A., Bruijn, H. de, Duin, R. van; Huijbregts(2002). Handbook on life cycle assessment. Operational guide to the ISO standards. I: LCA in perspective. IIa: Guide. IIb: Operational annex. III: Scientific background. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2002, 692 pp. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  27. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References 6.References • Jolliet, O., Margni, M., Charles, R., Humbert, Sébastien, Payet, J., Rebitzer, G., Rosenbaum, R. (2003). IMPACT 2002+: A new life cycle impact assessment methodology. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8, 324-330. • Klöpffer, W. (1997). Life cycle assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 4(4), 223-228. • Pant, R., Van Hoof, G., Schowanek, D., Feijtel, T. C., de Koning, A., Hauschild, M., Rosenbaum, R. (2004). Comparison between three different LCIA methods for aquatic ecotoxicity and a product environmental risk assessment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 9(5), 295-306. • Pizzol, M., Christensen, P., Schmidt, J., & Thomsen, M. (2011). Impacts of “metals” on human health: a comparison between nine different methodologies for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(6), 646-656. • Rosenbaum, R.K., Bachmann, T.M., Hauschild, M.Z., Huijbregts, M.A.J., Jolliet, O., Juraske, R., Köhler, A., Larsen, H.F., MacLeod, M., Margni, M., McKone, T.E., Payet, J., Schuhmacher, M., Russel, A., van de Meent, D. (2007). USEtox – the UNEP/SETAC toxicity model: recommended characterisation factors for human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity in Life Cycle Impact Assessment. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 13, 532–546. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

  28. 1.Introduction2.Methodology 3.Case Study 4.Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.References 6. References • Saur, K. (1997). Life cycle impact assessment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2(2), 66-70. • Tuomisto, H.L., Hodge, I.D., Riordan, P., Macdonald, D.W. (2012). Exploring a safe operating approach to weighting in life cycle impact assessment – a case study of organic, conventional and integrated farming systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 37, 147-153. • US Environmental protection Agency (EPA) (2006). Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice [online]. Available at http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/lca/pdfs/chapter1_frontmatter_lca101.pdf [accessed on 24.04.2014] • van Zelm, R., Larrey-Lassalle, P., & Roux, P. (2013). Bridging the gap between life cycle inventory and impact assessment for toxicological assessments of pesticides used in crop production. Chemosphere. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

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