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Exploitation by Introduced Species

Exploitation by Introduced Species. Brown Tree Snake ( Boiga irregularis ) Introduced to Guam (mid-1940s). 28. 29. 31. 28. Myzomela cardinalis Cardinal honeyeater. Myiagra freycineti (Guam flycatcher). Acrocephalus luscinia Nightingale reed-warbler. 29. 30. Nine of Eleven Native

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Exploitation by Introduced Species

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  1. Exploitation by Introduced Species

  2. Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) Introduced to Guam (mid-1940s) 28 29 31

  3. 28 Myzomela cardinalisCardinal honeyeater Myiagra freycineti (Guam flycatcher) Acrocephalus lusciniaNightingale reed-warbler 29 30 Nine of Eleven Native Forest Birds in Guam EXTIRPATED/EXTINCT Halcyon cinnamomina **Micronesian kingfisher Rhipidura rufifrons *Rufous fantail Ptilinopus roseicapillaMariana fruit-dove Gallicolumba xanthonuraWhite-throated ground-dove Zosterops conspicillatus **Bridled white-eye

  4. SUCCESS OF SPECIES INTRODUCED OUTSIDE OF NATURAL GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION • No Coevolved Interspecific Competitors • No Coevolved Herbivores • No Coevolved Parasites • No Coevolved Pathogens

  5. Predator-Prey Dynamics

  6. What Controls Snowshoe Hare Population Fluctuations? Sunspot Hypothesis (Elton 1924) Overpopulation Hypotheses Food Supply/Quality Hypotheses Predator Hypotheses

  7. TEASING OUT THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS: CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT 27 Test for Effects of Predators, Plant Food Supply, Quality

  8. TEASING OUT THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS: CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT Controls Supplemental Food Fertilizer Electrical Fence Electric Fence / Supplemental Food 8 YEAR STUDY Krebs et al. 1995

  9. TEASING OUT THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS: CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT Fig. 14.15 in Molles 2006

  10. Underlying Processes: Predator – Prey Dynamics Alfred Lotka (1925) Vito Volterra (1926)

  11. Modeling Population Change: Host (= Prey) dNh/dt = rhNh – pNhNp Nh = rh = Np = p =

  12. Modeling Population Change: Predator dNp/dt = cpNhNp-dpNp Nh = Np = cp = dp =

  13. Fig. 14.17 in Molles 2006

  14. Fig. 14.17 in Molles 2006

  15. Predator – Prey Oscillation in the Laboratory? 2

  16. Predator – Prey Oscillation in the Laboratory? Parasitoid Wasp Fig. 14.18 in Molles 2006 Bean Weevil Utida 1957

  17. Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab (Paramecium – Didinium) G. Gause (1935) Predator: Didinium Prey: Paramecium

  18. Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab (Paramecium – Didinium) Experiment 1 Fig. 14.19 in Molles 2006

  19. Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab: Refuges (Paramecium – Didinium) Add a Refuge: Sediment Predator Prey Trial 2 Fig. 14.19 in Molles 2006

  20. Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab: Restock Predators (Paramecium – Didinium) Restock the Predator Prey Predator Trial 3 Fig. 14.19 in Molles 2006

  21. Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab (Predatory Mite / Six-Spotted Mite) • Six-Spotted Mite • Feeds on Oranges • Can Crawl or “Balloon” • via Silk Strand • Predatory Mite • Can Crawl • Feeds on Six-Spotted Mite 10

  22. Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab (Predatory Mite / Six-Spotted Mite) Fig. 12.21 in Cain et al. 2008

  23. Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab: Refuges and Complexity (Predatory Mite / Six-Spotted Mite) • Additional Complexity • Widely Spaced Oranges • Intervening Vaseline Strips • Posts Inserted on Some • Oranges to Facilitate • Ballooning Huffaker (1958) Fig. 12.22 in Cain et al. 2008

  24. 9

  25. 2 http://perso.orange.fr/argaud/botanique/opuntia_stricta_fruit.jpg 3 http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/images/COMMON1.JPG 4 http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/images/Cochineal%20on% 20common%20pear%201%20Jun%2003%20Bingara%20web.jpg 5 http://www.gri.msstate.edu/research/cmdmn/images/cactoblastis.jpg 6 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=6545&rendTypeId=4 7 http://www.depts.ttu.edu/communications/news/stories/images/ saltcedar-mountains-large.jpg 8 http://www.co.morton.nd.us/vertical/Sites/%7B90CBB59C-38EA- 4D41-861A-81C9DEBD6022%7D/uploads/%7BC2C6F596-EB0D- 427F-852E-5840C1E97721%7D.JPG 9 http://www.invasive.org/eastern/images/768x512/0002030.jpg

  26. 10 http://www.cwss-scm.ca/Weeds/images/Ly1-purple-loosestrife.JPG 11 http://www.ec.gc.ca/EnviroZine/images/Issue35/zebra_mussels _DFO2_l.jpg 12 http://www.starfish.govt.nz/shared-graphics-for-download/zebra-mussel-large.jpg 13 http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/andera/common-vole-15371.jpg 14 http://www.birdfinders.co.uk/images/lesser-kestrel-2-spain-2006.jpg 15 http://www.douglloydphotography.com/mediac/400_0/media/DIR_ 9698/short~eared~owl~607.jpg 16 http://www.lakesuperiorstore.com/store/images/books/warner/HBC.jpg 17 http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/images/primary/ snowshoe-hare.jpg 18 http://www.toothandclaw.org.uk/upload/files/European%20Lynx-0001.jpg 19 http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~afrank/Theory/eit027.jpg

  27. 20 http://www.volunteertaskforce.org/images/aspen_seedlings.jpg 21 http://www.toothandclaw.org.uk/upload/files/European%20Lynx-0001.jpg 22 http://www.toothandclaw.org.uk/upload/files/Goshawk0003.jpg 23 http://www.alangrinberg.com/photos/NewZealand/SouthPage02/3708_ Tannin.jpg 24 http://library.thinkquest.org/11922/habitats/boreal_forest2_c-NOVA.jpg 25 http://www.wildlandsleague.org/imgup/forest.aerial.jpg 26 http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/coyote/ 27 http://www.wildlandsleague.org/imgup/forest.aerial.jpg 28 http://www.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/hires/browntreesna.jpg 29 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3yf8gXwg-1g/SbArAtu9bBI/AAAAAAAAASw/ 8xRFAuwO1RY/s400/Brown-tree-snake-(3).jpg

  28. 29 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/53/11953-004-2CF4FCD9.jpg 30 http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/impacts/birds.asp 31 http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/impacts/birds.asp 32 http://www.earlham.edu/~biol/desert/invasive.htm 33 http://www.chihuahuandesert.org/images/Salt%20Cedar%20Leaf%20Beetle.jpg

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