Chris Lawrence VP Sales & Marketing

1. Chris Lawrence VP Sales & Marketing

2. AGENDA • So what are Chilled Ceilings & Beams ? • Part 1 – Passive Systems • Chilled Ceilings • Chilled Sails • Passive Beams • Part 2 – Active systems • Active Chilled Beams • Part 3 - Reducing Energy • Space Humidity concerns • Design Considerations • Water System Design • Savings & LEED • Part 4 - Solutions • All Air Core • 6 Way • LoFlo • Overall 1st Costs

3. So What are Chilled Ceilings & Beams? A sensible cooling only device that uses chilled water above the room dew point to remove heat from the space. They can be independent of, or combined with, a method of introducing conditioned outside air to the space to meet the ASHRAE 62 ventilation requirements

4. Chilled Ceilings Radiant & Convective sensible cooling independent of Primary air delivery

7. Chilled CeilingRadiant Effect 76°F Dry Bulb 74°F radiant temperature (black bulb)

8. Chilled Ceilings Advantages Design Issues Low cooling output 20 to 25 BTUH/FT2 100% coverage 14 to 18 BTUH/FT2 70% coverage Driven by surface area Very High cost Separate air system required Needs many connections Excellent thermal comfort Can Heat Reduced space requirements Will fit into 6-8” cavity Self regulating Simple controls Low noise Low maintenance

10. Sails Sensible cooling independent of Primary air delivery.

11. SailsOperation Principle

12. SailsOperation Principle Increased convection

13. Chilled Sails Advantages Design Issues Cooling output 40 to 50 BTUH/FT2 dependent of amount of ceiling used Separate air system required High cost Can not heat Need good acoustic treatment to avoid hard spaces Many connections Aesthetics ? Good thermal comfort Reduced space requirements Freely suspended Self regulating Simple controls Low noise Low maintenance

15. Ceilings & Sails Summary - Cooling & Heating (Ceiling only) Very High thermal comfort especially on ceilings Cooling capacity up to 18 Btuh/FT2 floor space (Ceiling - average) Cooling capacity up to 40 Btuh/FT2 floor space (Sail - average) Very low ceiling cavities needed, could in installed in a 6” space. Self regulating simple two position controls Low noise Low maintenance

16. Passive Beams Buoyancy driven sensible cooling independent of Primary air delivery

17. Passive Chilled BeamsOperation Principle Soffit Suspension rod Water coil Fabric skirt Perforated tile

18. Passive Chilled BeamsAirflow Pattern

19. Façade driven cooling

20. Above the ceiling recessed

21. Exposed

22. Passive beams Advantages Design Issues Cooling output 40 to 50 BTUH/FT2 Separate air system required Need High free area ceilings Can not heat Need deep ceiling cavity and space above coil Need separate return air passage for remove primary air volume Good thermal comfort Low terminal velocities Self regulating Simple controls Low noise Low maintenance Ideal ‘top up’ to UFAD especially at the façade

23. Typical Installation

24. Passive Beams Summary - Cooling only Good thermal comfort Cooling capacity up to 50 Btuh/FT2 floor space Up to 450 BTUH per LF of beam Reduced ductwork, riser and plant sizes Water transports most of sensible cooling Self regulating simple two position controls Low noise Low maintenance

25. Passive beams – Perforation beware! Perforation Free Areas Are critical to passive beam performance ! Painted ? Usually, perforated free areas are quoted prior to paint application ! On a recent project The tiles were specified 28% free area 1/10” hole. These turned out to be when painted a 1/12” hole which equated to 19% free area. This reduced the reduced performance by a further 20% Rule of Thumb Minimum 1/8” hole, approx 45% free area preferred, any reduction in hole size or free area reduces output therefore it costs you more because you need more beams

26. Passive beams – Return air passage Passive beams need a return air passage to feed the coil, typically the same area as the coil, split 50-50 along the 2 long sides of the beam. As important, the removal of the fresh or conditioned air must have a Separate return route if the return is via the celling cavity/void. Better to have a ducted return!

27. AGENDA • Part 2 – Active systems • Active Chilled Beams • Part 3 - Reducing Energy • Space Humidity concerns • Design Considerations • Water System Design • Savings & LEED • Part 4 - Solutions • All Air Core • 6 Way • LoFlo • Overall 1st Costs

28. So What are Chilled Ceilings & Beams? A sensible cooling only device that uses chilled water above the room dew point to remove heat from the space. They can be independent of, or combined with, a method of introducing conditioned outside air to the space to meet the ASHRAE 62 ventilation requirements

29. Chris Lawrence VP Sales & Marketing

30. Active Beams Sensible cooling combined with primary air delivery

31. Active Chilled BeamOperation Principle - Horizontal coil Primary air nozzles Primary air plenum Suspended ceiling Heat exchanger

32. Active Chilled BeamOperation Principle - Vertical coils Primary air supply Slab Suspended Ceiling

33. Active Chilled BeamAirflow Pattern 2-way

34. Active Chilled Beams2 way

35. Active Chilled Beams1 Way perimeter (Concealed)

36. Thermal ComfortPerimeter CFD Uniform temperatures andno drafts by thorough mixingof the primary and room air Good air movement throughout the room with≈ 3-4:1 entrainment ratios

37. Active Chilled Beams1 Way perimeter (Concealed)

38. Active beams Advantages Design Issues Cooling output to 100 Btuh/FT2 , beam outputs up to 1800 Btuh/LF Can be 2 or 4 pipe Can heat Need more primary air than minimal fresh are, suggest .3 cfm/SF Primary air controls dew point All services in celling, integrated cooling, ventilation and heating Lower pressure than traditional induction systems Self regulating Simple controls Low maintenance Fiber tile ceilings Lower ceiling cavity, lower slab to slab

39. Rule # 1 The Design with the fewest number of chilled beams will be the lowest 1st cost install, therefore performance matters.

40. Performance matters

41. Reducing energy

42. Heat RemovalActive Chilled Beam concept Airflow requirement reduced by 70% 70% of sensible heat removed by chilled beam water coil 30% of sensible heat removed by air

43. Chilled Water • On a Mass Flow Rate Basis:- • 1 lbs of chilled water (6°Δt) transports 4x more cooling energy than 1 lbs of air (20°Δt) • As water weighs 800 times that of air • On a Volume Flow Rate Basis:- • 1 FT³ of chilled water transports 1000 more cooling energy than 1 FT³ of air (20 Δt) • Transportation Energy • Transportation of a ton of cooling by air requires 7 to 10 times more energy than by chilled water.

44. Fan Energy Use in Buildings “Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems” - publication prepared for U.S. Department of Energy

45. Heat Removal Ratio Airflow requirement reduced by 70% 70% of sensible heat removed by chilled beam water coil

46. Rule # 2 If your not reducing the air volume in a space by 25%, you could be installing a very expensive diffuser

47. Rule # 3 Even if your using chilled beams on your design, you don’t have to use them everywhere.

48. Water = Efficient Transport 10” 1 Ton of Cooling requires 550 CFM of air or 4 GPM of water 10” ¾” diameter water pipe

49. ‘Water’ is a better cooling medium, than air ! ‘Water’ takes less energy to transport than air !

50. Room Load is still Room load • Chilled Ceilings & Beams do not lower the heat load of a space, solar gain is still a gain, lights and equipment still give off heat and so do people. • So a room ‘BTU/h is still a BTU/h’, however • .