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European Wind Energy Association Annual Event,

100% RES INTEGRATION IN THE ISLAND OF AGIOS EFSTRATIOS - GREECE WITH THE USE OF DIFFERENT WIND-ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS S. Efthimiadis, K.A. Kavadias , D. Zafirakis, M. Kapsali, J.K. Kaldellis. Conference Track : Integration in electricity systems and markets.

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European Wind Energy Association Annual Event,

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  1. 100% RES INTEGRATION IN THE ISLAND OF AGIOS EFSTRATIOS - GREECE WITH THE USE OF DIFFERENT WIND-ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS S. Efthimiadis, K.A. Kavadias, D. Zafirakis,M. Kapsali, J.K. Kaldellis Conference Track: Integration in electricity systems and markets Lab of Soft Energy Applications & Environmental Protection, TEI of Piraeus, P.O. Box 41046, Athens 12201, Greece, Tel. 210-5381237, FAX 210-5381467, email: kkav@teipir.gr, URL: www.sealab.gr European Wind Energy Association Annual Event, Bella Center, Copenhagen, Denmark, 16-19 April 2012

  2. INTRODUCTION (1/2) Energy demand in small autonomous island systems is usually covered by the operation of oil-based Autonomous Power Stations using fuel imports Immediate result of this strategy is the high electricity production cost accompanied by increased levels of energy dependence On the other hand, there is a gradually increased interest in RES applications, owed to the considerable RES potential encountered in many of these regions RES-based hybrid systems are among the most interesting solutions concerning electrification of such isolated island regions (e.g. Samsoe Island)

  3. INTRODUCTION (2/2) The area of Aegean Sea in Greece sets an excellent example in terms of RES application opportunities Nevertheless, installed RES capacity is quite limited, reaching a total of almost 350MW (incl. Crete), out of which approximately 280MW correspond to wind energy applications At the same time, contribution in terms of energy production is also quite restricted, resulting to an average of almost 15% on annual basis. As a result, more than 80% of the local load demand is covered by the operation of oil-fired power stations

  4. THE ISLAND OF AGIOS EFSTRATIOS(1/2) The Greek State has elaborated an energy plan that aims to achieve energy autonomy of the island of Agios Efstratios (North Aegean Sea, Greece) with the use of a RES-based hybrid system including hydrogen storage and fuel cells Agios Efstratios is a small sized rocky island (area of almost 44km2), with a population of approximately 370 people, found at a distance of almost 200km northeast of Athens Electrification of the island relies up to now on the operation of a small oil-fired power station, comprising of five diesel-units, with a total rated power reaching 840kW

  5. THE ISLAND OF AGIOS EFSTRATIOS(2/2) The annual energy demand of the island marginally exceeds 1GWh (or 370 tn of oil), with the respective peak load demand reaching 272kW. At the same time, the island appreciates high wind potential, exceeding 7m/sec on an annual basis, along with considerable solar potential, in the order of 1360kWh/m2.a. Note that in the island, there also exists a small wind turbine of rated power 20kW

  6. PROBLEM POSITION Based on the use of a new developed numerical algorithm, i.e. the WIND-ISLAND I, sizing of an integrated wind energy storage solution for the satisfaction of the entire island electrical needs is the aim of the present study In this context, emphasis is given on the examination and comparison of different energy storage technologies Both traditional lead acid batteries, and emerging hydrogen storage with fuel cells, are examined on the basis of techno-economical criteria

  7. THE WIND-ISLAND I SIZING ALGORITHM • The WIND-ISLAND I algorithm using the following input data, i.e. • Hourly wind speed measurements • Hourly climatic data (e.g. ambient temperature, pressure, humidity) • Hourly load demand • Technical characteristics of the system components (e.g. wind turbine power curve, energy storage system characteristics) • proceeds to an analysis of the energy balance on an hourly basis for the entire year period and produces energy autonomous configurations that may ensure 100% energy autonomy for the load consumption each time investigated • At the same time the algorithm has the ability to introduce the use of diesel-oil generators so as to take advantage of the already existing thermal power stations

  8. PROPOSED SOLUTION The proposed solution comprises of a wind farm, an appropriate energy storage system and the limited contribution of the local power station. Two energy storage solutions are currently examined, comprising a traditional and an emerging energy management alternative

  9. EXAMINED ENERGY CONFIGURATIONS Energy solutions examined consider both energy storage technologies while allowing contribution of the diesel power station up to a maximum of 40% in relation to the up to now required amount of fuel consumption, i.e. approximately 370tn of fuel oil Results obtained by the algorithm correspond to energy autonomous solutions, ensuring zero load rejection throughout the year Energy autonomous configurations obtained by the WIND-ISLAND I algorithm are accordingly evaluated in terms of initial installation cost

  10. ENERGY RESULTS By applying the sizing algorithm, energy autonomous configurations are produced for both energy storage cases According to the results, wind power increase after a certain point requires almost constant storage capacity, although for lower wind power values, storage capacity becomes extreme There is considerable difference between the capacity requirements between battery storage and hydrogen, owed to the quite low efficiency of the latter At the same time, influence of diesel contribution is of high significance, remarkably reducing storage capacity requirements for a given wind capacity

  11. INITIAL COST RESULTS Energy results obtained by the sizing algorithm are accordingly evaluated in terms of capital investment cost According to the economic results for both battery and hydrogen storage, an optimum combination occurs for every diesel contribution case, that requires for greater wind power as the diesel contribution reduces In this context, the capital investment cost of such a solution ranges from 3M€ to 7M€ for the battery case and from 10M€ to 25M€ for the hydrogen storage case

  12. LONG-TERM COST RESULTS Next, the long-term total cost of energy autonomous configurations is estimated For this purpose, one takes into account the initial investment cost, as well as the respective fixed and variable M&O costs To this end, the impact on the total cost breakdown for a twenty-year period is currently illustrated for two different cases; no oil contribution and 100tn of oil contribution, with regards to battery storage As one may see, contribution of the fixed M&O component, kept at the levels of 10% in the case of zero oil consumption, increases up to 40% in the case of 100tn

  13. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION COST RESULTS(1/2) Finally, the electricity production cost of the proposed solution is also estimated, with or without considering a State subsidy As one nay see, the most-cost-effective solution corresponds to the Wind-Bat-diesel solution of 150tn, achieving a cost of approximately 0.7€/kWh in the case of zero subsidy, which reduces to almost 0.6€/kWh if a 40% subsidy of the investment cost is taken into account On the other hand, if 40% subsidy is considered, the Wind-Bat-only solution may also beat the cost of thermal power generation Unless State subsidy is considered, the proposed solution cannot compete with the already existing of thermal power generation, neglecting however environmental benefits

  14. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION COST RESULTS(2/2) On the other hand, results obtained concerning hydrogen storage designate the high cost of this novel energy storage solution In case that no State subsidy is taken into account, the proposed Wind-H2 solution proves to be cost-innefective, regardless of the oil-fuel contribution On the contrary, if a 40% State subsidy is considered, results are largely ameliorated, with the minimum electricity production cost attributed to the Wind-H2-diesel solution of 150tn Finally, the Wind-H2-only solution presents rather high electricity production cost, that reaches almost 1.5€/kWh, even for 40% State subsidy

  15. CONCLUSIONS Using a new-developed sizing algorithm, investigation of covering the energy needs of remote island regions on the basis of RES power and energy storage is possible At the same time, the algorithm allows for the restricted contribution of oil-power generation with the exploitation of already existing or new thermal power stations. In this context, the island of Agios Efstratios is currently examined, using two different energy storage technologies coupled with wind power, i.e. the traditional lead-acid batteries and the novel hydrogen-based solution According to the sizing results obtained, required storage capacity of hydrogen storage is much higher than the respective of batteries, which in combination with the increased costs attributed to hydrogen technologies make the latter cost-ineffective On the other hand, under the term of appreciating State subsidy, optimum Wind-battery configurations may compete with the already adopted solution of thermal power generation

  16. Thank you for Your Attention

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