Efficiency in industry through electro-technologies

1. Efficiency in industry through electro-technologies Paul Baudry, EDF / R&D The future of Energy in Enlarged Europe, Warsaw 7-8th october 2004

2. Outline • European policy related to energy efficiency • Energy efficiency and electricity • The influence of energy accounting system • Efficient electro-technologies in industry • Conclusion

3. European policy on energy efficiency • Drivers • Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions • Security of energy supply • Target • Annual energy savings : 1% of final energy • European directives • Proposal for a Directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services • Directive on energy efficiency in buildings • Directive on Integrated Prevention and Pollution Control • Directive on tradable CO2 emission permits

4. Global Trends in Energy use : 1970-2000 The manufacturing sector (industry) exhibits the highest energy intensity decrease Source : 30 years of energy use in IEA countries

5. Global Trends in Energy use Total final energy consumption by fuel Source : 30 years of energy use in IEA countries

6. 450 450 450 400 400 400 OCDE OCDE OCDE 350 350 350 300 300 300 250 250 250 200 200 200 150 150 150 100 100 100 50 50 50 0 0 0 1979 1987 1999 2015 2027 1975 1983 1991 1995 2003 2007 2011 2019 2023 1971 1971 1971 1979 1979 1987 1987 1999 1999 2015 2015 2027 2027 1975 1975 1983 1983 1991 1991 1995 1995 2003 2003 2007 2007 2011 2011 2019 2019 2023 2023 Energy Efficiency and electricity As global energy intensity decreases, electricity grows with GDP 450 450 450 Mobility OCDE 400 400 400 OCDE OCDE Electricity 350 300 300 300 Thermal stationary 250 250 250 GDP US$95 200 200 200 150 150 150 100 100 100 50 50 50 0 0 0 1971 1971 1987 1987 1987 1975 1979 1979 1979 1983 1983 1983 1991 1991 1991 1995 1995 1995 1999 1999 1999 2003 2003 2003 2007 2007 2007 2011 2011 2011 2015 2015 2015 2019 2019 2019 2023 2023 2023 2027 2027 2027 1971

7. Energy accounting system primary and final energy FOSSIL ENERGY (coal, oil, gas) NON FOSSIL ENERGY (nuclear,hydro, Ren. En.) Ren. Heat ELECTRICITY PRODUCT OR SERVICE • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the accurate method for energy accounting • Two main LCA impact indicators for energy efficiency : • primary energy consumption • CO2

8. Energy accounting system primary and final energy • Usual conventional coefficient for primary energy to electricity conversion : ~2.5 • This coefficient is an average of the different power generation systems • IEA convention for final to primary energy conversion : - 33% for nuclear - electricity / fossil fuel : energy content for coal and gas power generation systems - 100 % for renewable energy • Accurate final to primary energy coefficient are different in each country and for each electricity supplier

9. Energy accounting system CO2 emissions for power generation with Life Cycle Assessment

10. Energy Efficiency through Electro-technologies in various industrial sectors

11. ReplacementTechnology Consumption –fossil fuel plant (GWh) Consumption – replacement plant (GWh) Compared utilisation efficiency Membranes 385 35 10-12 MVC + Heat Pumps 3.220 460 6-8 Induction 6.750 2.700 2-3 µW + HF + UV 585 260 2-2,5 IR 725 415 1,5-2 Motors 2.465 1.700 1,3-1,6 Resistance 11.640 9.700 1,1-1,3 TOTAL 25.770 15.270 1,1-12 Final Energy Efficiency through Electro-technologies

12. Energy Efficiency through Electro-technologies Steelmaking industry

13. Energy source Same end-use demand (MWh) Cumulated Energy Demand (CED) Electricity from grid + Heat from fossil fuel Electricity (light, motors) Heat (process) 100 100 1 MWh th = 0,086 tep 1 MWh e = 0,086 / 40% (electricity generation) / 90% (grid loss) CED = 23,9 + 8,6 = 32,5 tep CHP from gas (non seasonal) Electricity (light, motors) Heat (process) 100 100 1 kWh e = 0,086 / 66% (average generation efficiency by CHP) CED = 13 + 13 = 26 tep Electricity from grid > 90% Fossil mix Electricity (light, motors) Efficient electric process 100 <50 1 MWh e = 0,086 / 40% (electricity generation) / 90%(grid loss) CED = 23,9 + 11,9 = <35,8 tep Electricity from grid Renewable / NFF Electricity (light, motors) Efficient electric process 100 <50 1 MWh e = 0,086 // 90% (grid loss) CED = 9,5 + 4,8 = <14,3 tep Electricity from grid current mix Electricity (light, motors) Efficient electric technique 100 25 1 MWh e = 0,086 / 52% (electricity generation) / 90% (grid loss) CED = 18,4 + 4,6 = 23 tep Energy Efficiency through electro-technologies Various energy system solutions for the same end use 1 MWh th = 0.086 tep

14. Conclusion • During the 30 last years, the use of electricity has grown while energy intensity was decreasing in IEA countries • The energy efficiency can be evaluated by an LCA approach with two main impact indicators : primary energy and CO2 emissions • Final to primary energy coefficient and CO2 emissions depend strongly on power generation systems, then on the geographic location and on the electricity suppliers • Electro-technologies in industry can contribute significantly to improve energy efficiency • Electricity is a secondary but flexible energy. Industrial processes need this flexibility which helps to increase productivity and product quality.