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Water pollution. TREN 1F90: Sustainability, Environment and Tourism David T. Brown. B. CONDENSATION. C. PRECIPITATION. A. EVAPORATION. Atmospheric radioactive dust particles (high altitudes). Dust particles and gases filtered out of atmosphere by falling snow.
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Water pollution TREN 1F90: Sustainability, Environment and Tourism David T. Brown
B. CONDENSATION C. PRECIPITATION A. EVAPORATION
Atmospheric radioactivedust particles (highaltitudes) • Dust particles and gasesfiltered out of atmosphereby falling snow • Suspended solidseroded by fallingwater • Terpenes, phenolics, andother natural VOCsfrom trees • Mine acid tailings andwaste leached intowaterways
Crop spraying and dusting(herbicides, pesticides) by air • Industrial effluent gaseswashed from atmosphere • Leaching of soil chemicalsand decaying vegetation • Natural aeration (falls, rapids)affecting dissolved gases • Industrial waste water discharged into water bodies or municipal sewers
Fertilizers and biocides from agricultural land • Dust particles and airborne solids washedout of atmosphere • Barnyard and feedlot manure • Human waste from domestic septic systems • Sea water from overdraft of underground aquifers
Municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent • Thermal pollution from power plants and industry • Methane and other gases from marshes and swamps • Storm sewer runoff
Marine salt particles and spray • Oil leaks and spills from tanks and rigs • Vehicle exhaust / fossil fuel emissions
toxics nutrients suspended matter pathogens thermal pollution dissolved gases anthropogenicorigin (e.g. industrial effluent, sewage) naturalorigin (e.g. silt, mineral nutrients, wild animal wastes) Water Pollutants
Significant concern in the tourism industry • Water quality • Water quantity • Aesthetic concerns • Disease and pathogens • Local equity issues
Water and tourism • Quantity: ensuring that local water supply needs are not compromised by tourist demands in resorts (e.g., island resorts) • Quality: ensuring that local water treatment infrastructure can handle additional burden of sewage from tourism
Water and tourism Case study: cruise ship pollution issues
CRUISE SHIP ISSUES:BIG SHIPS 360 m long 3.6 Canadian football fields long 6296 passengers World's biggest cruise ships:Royal Carribean’s “Oasis of the Seas“ (2009)“Allure of the Seas” (2010)
CRUISE SHIP ISSUES:BIG SHIPS World's 2nd biggest cruise ship:Royal Carribean’s "Freedom of the Seas“338.91 m / 3,634 passengers
BIG SHIPS World's 3rd largest cruise ship:Cunard’s “Queen Mary 2” 345 m / 3056 passengers
19 to 26 litres 1.58 billion litres 4.8 km (3 miles) 0 km Sewage dumped per passenger per day Sewage dumped per year Distance from shore where raw sewage is dumped Distance from shore where treated sewage and raw graywater are dumped BIG SHIPS = BIG POLLUTION
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS Waste discharge in international waters is controlled under Annex V of the MARPOL convention (1988) Liquid wastes: Gray water - from dishwashing, showers Sewage– from toilets • Within 4.8 km: treated with MSDs(marine sanitation devices) to dissolve lumps and reduce bacteria levels) • Beyond 4.8 km: no treatment is required(direct discharge of raw sewage) Oil – from bilge water in hull of ship Hazardous liquid wastes – dry cleaning, photo processing paints, solvents, pool chemicals, etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS Solid wastes: • Inorganic (glass, aluminum and steel cans, and plastics) • Organic (primarily food wastes) Barred from dumping: • plastics (anywhere at sea) • floatable garbage within 25 miles (40 km) of shore Permitted to dump: • garbage ground into pieces smaller than 2.5 cm when three miles (4.8 km) from shore • unground garbage when they are at least 12 miles (19 km) from shore
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS Waste discharges to air also a problem Diesel ‘Master’ and ‘slave’ engine emissions • Master engines: used for propulsion • Slave engines: used for electricity generation Marine engines generally burn cheap residual fuel oil of low quality (not standard diesel).
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS Waste discharges to air include: Solid waste incinerator emissions: • gaseous emissions • particulate emissions • greenhouse gases Annex VI of MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships) is concerned with the prevention of air pollution from ships.
You might expect it of antique vessels… Passenger excursion ship (1912 steamer TSS Earnslaw) on Lake Wakatipu, near Queenstown, New Zealand
…but modern cruise ships?!? A cruise ship in Milford Sound, New Zealand, with stack exhaust gases constrained by an inversion layer
Per unit of time, a cruise ship’s diesel engines can emit as much exhaust as 10,000 cars, even when idling in port.
2 6 3 Number of cruise lines equipping ships to plug into shorepower Number of cruise ships equipped to plug into shorepower Number of U.S. ports equipped with shoreside power hook-ups for cruise ships A rare dockside utility connection (found on 53 Swedish ships; 0 US ships)
Controlling Water Pollution • Upstream: before the problem occurs • Downstream: after the problem occurs
Upstream Methods of Controlling Water Pollution • process modification in industry: elimination of pollutants and toxics • avoidance of direct discharge into: • water bodies • storm sewers • sanitary sewers • identification of storm drains (e.g. Yellow Fish Road project)
Upstream Methods of Controlling Water Pollution • decoupling of storm and sanitary sewers • runoff control: • increasing absorptive surfaces • avoiding erosion • maintaining streambank and shoreline vegetation • legislation and regulation: guidelines and laws establishing limits on discharge
Downstream Methods of Controlling Water Pollution • effluent treatment processes: • mechanical:filtering, gravity separation • chemical: flocculation, coagulation • biological:microbes or macrophytes aerobic or anaerobic • disinfection:chlorination, ozonation, etc. (pathogen control)
Downstream Methods of Controlling Water Pollution • domestic sewage treatment: • primary: straining and settling of solids • secondary: removal of biodegradable organic matter and nutrients • tertiary: removal of residual dissolved nutrients and pollutants
Downstream Methods of Controlling Water Pollution • ‘physical plant’/ ‘engineered’ approach(usually centralized, large scale) • ‘constructed wetland’ approach(centralized or decentralized, large or small scale)
S E W A G E Neolithic revolution • small towns and settlements -> human waste control generally non-problematic
S E W A G E “In days of old When knights were bold And toilets weren’t invented They’d leave their loads Upon the roads And walk away contented.”
S E W A G E Post - Neolithic revolution: Large towns and cities -> human waste control became a problem high-density living required technologies for handling human wastes in urban areas: • chamber pots and open gutters • pit privies / trench latrines/ outhouses • septic systems and variants • centralized sewage collection and treatment systems
Temporary /short term: packing it out single-use holes pit privies trench latrines Methods of Managing Sewage: Small scale Meyer, Kathleen. 1989. How to shit in the woods : an environmentally sound approach to a lost art. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, Calif.
Long-term outhouses settling ponds septic tanks septic fields composting toilets Methods of Managing Sewage: Small scale van der Ryn, Sim. 1978 (republished and revised 1999). The Toilet Papers: Recycling Waste and Conserving Water. Chelsea Green Publishing, Vermont. Online edition available atwww.brocku.ca/tren/courses/tren3p14/2006/ToiletPapers.pdf
Waterless toilet technologies Clivus Multrum composting toilet • converts human and organic wastes into odourless compost
Scalable Waterless Low energy Suitable for remote areas Now CSA approved Waterless toilet technologies
GRIT CHAMBER SETTLING TANK CHLORINATION TANK BAR SCREEN outflow Primary Sewage Treatment Raw sewage Sludge SLUDGE DIGESTER SLUDGE DRYING BED
AERATION TANK GRIT CHAMBER SETTLING TANK SETTLING TANK 2 BAR SCREEN outflow Secondary Sewage Treatment Raw sewage CHLORINATION TANK Methane Air pump Activated sludge SLUDGE DIGESTER SLUDGE DRYING BED
Constructed Wetland EXPERIMENTAL CELLS S.W.A.M.P. (SEWAGE WASTE AMENDMENT MARSH PROJECT) Niagara on the Lake, Ontario
Constructed Wetland EXPERIMENTAL CELLS
Constructed Wetlandmacrophytes Cattails and Water Hyacinth
Large scale constructed wetland Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand
Settling tank Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand
Sludge dewatering and drying Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand
Aeration pond Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand
Outflow into constructed wetland Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand
Large scale constructed wetland Saha Pat Industrial Park, Laem Chabang, Thailand