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POS. Unit 5: Planet Earth. Topic 4 The Moving Crust. Our earth is made up of different layers: 1. Atmosphere “vapour” (air) 2. Hydrosphere “water” (oceans, rivers, lakes) 3. Lithosphere “rocky” (land) Asthenosphere “weak” (molten layer under lithosphere, the mantle)

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  1. POS

  2. Unit 5: Planet Earth Topic 4 The Moving Crust

  3. Our earth is made up of different layers: • 1. Atmosphere “vapour” (air) • 2. Hydrosphere “water” (oceans, rivers, lakes) • 3. Lithosphere “rocky” (land) • Asthenosphere “weak” (molten layer under lithosphere, the mantle) • Biosphere: living layer (plants/animals)

  4. *Although the earth may seem very large, the layers we inhabit, and require for our very survival are extremely thin. Our planet is more fragile (viewed from the moon) than we think. As small as we are, humans can bring about major environmental changes.

  5. How thin is the earth’s crust, the lithosphere?It is like the shell on an egg,or the skin of an apple…very thin relative to the rest

  6. Inside our planet • Layers: • Oceanic and Continental Crust (lithosphere) • 5km-60 km deep • Mantle (1000-4000oC) (asthenosphere) • upper (more solid) and lower mantle (more liquid) • layer of molten rock, reason for movement of tectonic plates, volcanoes, earthquakes • Core (5500-6000oC) • Outer-liquid iron Fe and nickel Ni (responsible for our magnetic field • Inner-solid

  7. *relative temperatures • Question: Why is the center of the earth solid?

  8. * The inner core should be a gas, seeing how the temperature is so high (materials expand as particles move farther apart) but the high pressure keeps the inner core solid

  9. Alfred Wegener Hmm… did they ever fit together?

  10. Movement • The crust is moving, as it floats in pieces on the mantle • Why is the crust moving? Convection currents! • Movement: Continental drift • Pieces: tectonic plates

  11. But why are they moving?Convection Currents

  12. The SUPERCONTINENT PANGAEA *Pick out the continents *Why is Asia mostly under water?

  13. Gondwanaland/Laurasia

  14. How old is the earth? • 4.5 billion years • When did the dinosaurs go extinct? • 65 million years ago

  15. Continental Drift Evidence: 1-Shapes fit together supercontinent Pangaea -broke into Laurasia and Gondwanaland 2-still moving today measure distances, see the trenches, areas of sea floor spreading 3-common fossils

  16. Present day

  17. Three major types of movement

  18. Transform Fault • Slipping past eachother • The San Andreas Fault • California, US

  19. Converging Plates • Moving towards eachother • 2 options: • Mountain building (continental crust crashing into continental crust) • Subduction (continental crust sliding on top of oceanic crust) • Results: • Earthquakes • Volcanic eruptions • Mountain formation

  20. Convergence of Tectonic Plates: Continental and Oceanic crust

  21. Ring of Fire (Pacific)

  22. The Pacific oceanic crust is subducting underneath the continental crust of surrounding plates • This causes widespread earthquakes and volcanic activity • Ex) Japan, Philippines, California, Seattle (Mt. St. Helens)

  23. *Convection Currents • Hot gases/liquids rise, as the particles of that material become less dense, and float on the colder, more dense liquids/gases • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryrXAGY1dmE

  24. Sea floor spreading2. Subduction 3. Mountain formation *Convergent or divergent?

  25. Mid Atlantic RidgeSea-floor spreading • Pushing apart North and South America from Africa and Europe at a rate of ~2cm a year

  26. Divergent boundaries

  27. Diverging platesSea-floor spreading

  28. Summary

  29. Geysers-Old faithfulYellowstone National Park

  30. Deep Ocean Vents

  31. Activities • Activity pg 386 Give me a clue • Answer Q’s #1-4 in your journals • Glue map pieces in your journal “fitting together” • Activity pg 388 What do the rocks tell us? • Answer Q’s 1-3 and “What did you find out?” in your journal • Activity pg 389 The Spreading Sea Floor • Answer “What did you find out” questions #1-3 in your journals • Tape/staple the paper into your journal

  32. Assignments • Vocabulary • Update journals Topic 4 • Evidence of plate tectonic movement • Technologies • Topic 4 Q’s pg 394 #1-5

  33. Faces of Earth Video • Disc A, Episode 1: Building the planet • 0:00-3:00 Intro • 3:00 (skip)- Avaris camera- high altitude plane, lydar camera • START 8:20 Formation of earth in space 4.5 billion years ago • 10:20 magnetic field + aurora, need it to keep the atmosphere/hydrosphere/biosphere • 16:00- beginning of atmosphere/hydrologic cycle=hydrosphere • 17:30=life 3 billion years ago, cyanobacteria’s waste product was oxygen (1st photosynthesis!) ozone • 20:00-skip iron, other more complex life • 26:00 extinctions

  34. Faces of Earth • cont. Disc A, Episode 1: Building the planet • 26:00 PT permian extinction: 95% of all life! • Volcanism, Pangaea, altered atmosphere • Noah’s ark? • 28:00 65 million years ago • KT Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction • Asteroid • Dinosaurs, 50% of all life • 30:00 Fossil fuels • Coal formation by compressed peat (plant debris) • Natural Gas and Oil by microorganisms in the oceans • 33:00 (stop) rocks for oil + gas research, seismic

  35. Faces of Earth • cont. Disc A, Episode 2: Shaping the planet • START 0:00 Intro: Divergent boundary in Ethiopia (Iceland only other one on land), plate tectonics • 5:00-9:40 skip, tribe, monitoring, GPS • 11:00 tectonic plates • 13:00 mid Atlantic ridge • 14:00 ice age • 15:00-18:30 skip salt • 18:30 convergent mountain building, subduction • 23:00 volcanoes : Mt Vesuvius (Pompeii, Herculaneum) • 27:00 normal fault • 28:00 skip prediction • 33:40 Himalayas, seismo, earthquakes • 38:00 California, San Andreas Fault • 42:00 P, S waves • 44:00 END

  36. Faces of Earth • Disc B Episode 1: Assembling America • Mount Rainier erupts, Seattle WA • Subduction, water in volcanoes=explosive • Cascade range • Earthquake + seismograms • Ultralight aircraft over scab-land (monster flood) • Salt lake Utah • Yellowstone Geysers…some truth to supervolcano • Great Lakes • Appalachian mountains (Himalaya sized in Pangaea) • 31:00 comet crashed

  37. Faces of Earth • Disc B Episode 2: A human world (boring!) • Weather, climates, ice ages • Ice cores • Caused by change in earth’s orbit around the sun, or wobble of the earth’s axis • Cultural evolution as part of environmental change • Metallurgy, mining • Global warming • … now it is us who are changing the face of earth by construction + demolition

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