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PART 1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD I. STEPS PROBLEM - always in the form of a QUESTION

PART 1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD I. STEPS PROBLEM - always in the form of a QUESTION GATHER INFORMATION 3. HYPOTHESIS – EDUCATED GUESS 4. EXPERIMENT – test hypothesis 5. OBSERVATIONS - analyze data, charts, graphs… 6. CONCLUSION - is your hypothesis right or wrong? 7. Repeat.

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PART 1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD I. STEPS PROBLEM - always in the form of a QUESTION

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  1. PART 1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD I. STEPS • PROBLEM - always in the form of a QUESTION • GATHER INFORMATION 3. HYPOTHESIS – EDUCATED GUESS 4. EXPERIMENT – test hypothesis 5. OBSERVATIONS - analyze data, charts, graphs… 6. CONCLUSION - is your hypothesis right or wrong? 7. Repeat

  2. II. EXPERIMENT. 1. Example: A student set up the experiment shown to learn about plant growth. The student added a different amount of water to 4 identical containers, each containing 4 seeds in 100 cubic centimeters of soil. All of the containers were placed in the same sunny location. The height of the plants were measured and recorded for 5 weeks.

  3. Hypothesis • I believe that the plants getting the most water will grow the most. e. 3 constants • Amount of soil, amount of sunlight, # of seeds f. What can be done to make the experiment more valid? • Repeat, increase sample size, use only one variable b. Independent variable • WATER c. Dependent variable • HEIGHT d. Control Group = • Seeds that do not receive water

  4. 2. Identify 2 safety rules that must be followed when performing a lab. • Wear goggles to protect your eyes. • Point a test tube up and away from you and anyone else when heating up a substance. • No fooling around in the lab. • No eating or drinking in the lab. • Notify the teacher if anything spills or breaks.

  5. PART 2. MEASUREMENT I. LENGTH – meter • What is the length of the tadpole at the right? In centimeters= • 3.1 cm In millimeters = • 31 mm

  6. II. MASS – • the amount of matter in an object • What instrument is being used to measure the mass of the object at the right? • TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE 2. What is the mass of the object? • 175.0 gm

  7. III. VOLUME • The amount of space an object takes up • Calculate the volume of the block below. Show all work in the work space below. • V = l x w x h • V = 2.4 cm x 4.2 cm x 5.3 cm • V = 53.4 cm3

  8. 2. What is the name of the instrument below? • GRADUATED CYLINDER

  9. 2. What is the name of the instrument below? • GRADUATED CYLINDER 3. What is the volume of the water? • 16mL

  10. 4. What is the volume of rock below? • 16 mL – 14 mL • V = 2.0 mL

  11. IV. REVIEW QUESTIONS • What is the temperature shown in the thermometer shown at the right? • 25°C

  12. 2. Convert the following measurements: • 2.45 cm = ?km 0.0000245 km b. 5.46 L = ?mL 5460.0 mL

  13. 1. eyepiece/ocular lens – lens that you look through 2. body tube – connects objective & eyepiece 3. stage – holds the slide 4. coarse adjustment knob – focusing under low power. 5. mirror/light source – provides light 6. fine adjustment knob – focusing for high power 7. base – structure that supports microscope 8. objective lens – lenses that magnify 9. diaphragm – controls amount of light 10. arm – supports body tube PART 3. MICROSCOPEI. PARTS & FUNCTIONS:

  14. Eyepiece / ocular lens II. LABEL THE PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE BELOW. Body tube Coarse adjustment knob Fine adjustment knob Objective lens Arm Stage Diaphragm Mirror / light Nosepiece Base

  15. III. USING THE MICROSCOPE 1. What would happen if you used the coarse adjustment under high power? • The lens and the slide may break! 2. When you observe a specimen using a microscope, how does the specimen appear? • Upside down and backwards 3. When you move the slide in any direction, how does the specimen on the slide appear to move? • In the opposite direction 4. Which objective lens allows you to observe LARGER field of view? • Low power

  16. 5. Calculate the total magnification: Eyepiece = 15x, Objective = 5x • Total Mag = 75x 6. What is the student in the picture at the right preparing? • Wet mount 7. Why should the student make sure the cover slip is lowered at an angle? • To prevent air bubbles from forming

  17. 2. What is the length of one of the cells shown below? • 1.5/3 = • 0.5 mm • 500 um • What is the diameter of the field of view shown below? • 3.6 mm • 3600 um IV. MEASURING WITH THE MICROSCOPE

  18. 3. Determine the lengths of the objects in the microscopes field of view below? a. 0.8 mm 800 um 4. How many micrometers make up one millimeter? • 1000 um

  19. PART 4. CHEMISTRY • 1. Label the parts of the atom below, and complete the chart. electron neutron proton

  20. 2. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: • a. ELEMENT – • Simple substance that cannot be broken down into something more simple • b. COMPOUND – • 2 or more elements chemically combined

  21. 3. Identify each property below as a physical or chemical property. a. Burning: • chemical b. color: • physical c. phase (solid, liquid, gas): • physical

  22. 4. Identify each change below as a physical or chemical change. a. Ripping paper: • physical b. burning paper: • chemical c. melting: • physical d. baking a cake • chemical

  23. 5. Fill in the chart below describing phases of matter:

  24. 6. For each phase change below, identify how the material is changing. a. melting: • S  L b. freezing • L  S c. evaporation • L  G d. condensation • G  L

  25. 7. Identify 4 properties of metals: • A. have luster • B. Ductile • C. Malleable • D. Good conductors of heat and electricity 8. Identify 3 properties of nonmetals: • A. brittle • B. Dull (not shiny) • C. Poor conductors of heat and electricity

  26. 9. Identify the parts of the periodic table being described below: a. Rows: • periods b. Elements to left of zigzag line: • metals c. Columns: • Groups/families d. Noble Gases: • Group 18 e. Group 18: • Noble Gases f. On zigzag line: • Semi-metals/metalloids g: Elements to right of zigzag line: • nonmetals

  27. 10. Atomic number: • # of protons 11. Mass number: • Atomic mass rounded to nearest whole number

  28. 12. The diagram below represents n element from the period table. Atomic #: • 14 Atomic Mass = • 28.0855 Mass # = • 28 # of protons in each atom of this element = • 14 # of neutrons • 28-14 = 14

  29. 13. On the pH scale below label which section refers to acids, bases, and which pH is considered neutral. base acids neutral

  30. PART 5. CELLS I. CELL THEORY 1. Who developed the cell theory? • a. Hooke = cork under named what he saw “cells” • b. Schleiden = all plants are made of cells • c. Schwann= all animals are made of cells • d. Virchow= all cells come from other cells

  31. 2. a. List the parts of the CELL THEORY below. • Cells are the basic unit of structure for all living things. • Cells are the basic unit of function for all living things. • All cells come from pre-existing cells.

  32. Cell membrane – semi-permeable 2. Nucleus – control center a. Nuclear membrane – surrounds nucleus b. Nucleolus – produces ribosomes c.Chromosomes – genetic material 3. Cytoplasm– jelly-like materials, holds all organelles 4. Mitchondria – produces energy (by respiration) 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum –tunnels in the cytoplasm (transport) 6. Vacuoles – storage 7. Ribosomes– produce proteins 8. Golgi bodies – packages and ships III. ORGANELLES FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS 1. Cell Wall – outer wall made of cellulose, protects, gives plant cell shape 2. Chloroplasts – carry out photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll (absorbs light) IV. ORGANELLES FOUND ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS 1. Lysosomes – contain enzymes that break down/digest materials 2. Centrioles – aid in cell division II. CELL ORGANELLES

  33. D. Ribosomes E. Cytoplasm V. LABEL THE CELLS ORGANELLES BELOW: F. Lysosome G. Vacuole H. Golgi bodies I. Mitochondria J. DNA K. Nucleus L. Nucleolus A. Nuclear membrane M. ER B. Centrioles C. Cell membrane

  34. E. Chloroplasts F. Ribosome G. DNA H. Nucleus I. Nuclear membrane J. Nucleolus K. Mitochondria A. ER C. Cell wall L. Cytoplasm B. Vacuole D. Cell membrane M. Golgi bodies

  35. VI. TRANSPORT • PASSIVE TRANSPORT: 2 TYPES 1. DIFFUSION – high low, WITH CONC GRADIENT, NO ENERGY 2. OSMOSIS – diffusion of water (high low) a. What happens to a cell if it’s placed in salt water? • Water leaves the cell (osmosis)  cell shrivels up b. What happens if it is placed in pure water? • Water enters the cell (osmosis)  swells

  36. 2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT – • low to high, • AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENT • ENERGY REQUIRED

  37. Label each diagram as diffusion, osmosis, or active transport. • Active transport 2. Diffusion (passive transport) 3. Osmosis H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O

  38. VII.RESPIRATION – glucose broken down to produce ENERGY (ATP), MITOCHONDRIA TYPES: • AEROBIC RESPIRATION – uses oxygen, 36 ATP • a. Label the equation below. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP glucoseoxygen carbonwaterenergy dioxide

  39. 2. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION – fermentation, does not require oxygen, produces only 2 ATP a. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (yeast) C6H12O6 alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP b. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION (muscles) C6H12O6 lactic acid + CO2 + 2ATP

  40. VIII. LIVING THINGS • UNICELLULAR ORGANISM – • A living thing made up of only once cell b. MULTICELLUAR ORGANISM – • A living thing made up of 2 or more cells c. Identify the 5 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM CELLS  TISSUES  ORGANS  ORGAN SYSTEM  ORGANISM d. HOMEOSTASIS – • Maintaining a stable, internal environment

  41. PART 6. CLASSIFICATION • CLASSIFICATION – grouping organisms according to similar characteristics 1. PROKARYOTIC CELL – • Cell that does not contain a nucleus • (Bacteria) 2. EUKARYOTIC CELL – • Cell that has a nucleus • Make up multicellular organisms

  42. II. 7 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION: KINGDOM  PHYLUM  CLASS ORDER  FAMILY  GENUS  SPECIES (largest, most diverse)(smallest, most similar) Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Stools III. BINOMIAL NOMENTCALTURE • Genus species 3. Example: Homo sapiens Homo = Genus, sapiens = species

  43. IV. 6 KINGDOMS1. Fill in the missing parts of the chart.

  44. HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS PART 7. SKELTAL SYSTEM 3. TENDONS – connective tissue which connects MUSCLES TO BONES 4. LIGAMENTS– connective tissue which connects BONE TO BONE 5. JOINT – where 2 bones meet I. FUNCTIONS 1. movement 2. protection & support 3. makes blood cells 4. shape 5. stores materials (calcium & phosphorus) II. PARTS • BONES – 206 in body bone marrow – produces blood cells 2. CARTILAGE • flexible • protection & support c. cushioning (bw vertebrae) d. make up body parts (nose, ears) e. end of bones

  45. PART 8. MUSCULAR SYSTEM I. FUNCTION • LOCOMOTION (movement) by contracting and relaxing of the muscles

  46. II. TYPES OF MUSCLES Fill in the missing parts of the chart below.

  47. 4. How do skeletal muscles WORK IN PAIRS? • One contracts while the other relaxes.

  48. PART 9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • FUNCTION – NUTRITION • INGESTION – taking in of food • DIGESTION – the breakdown of food • EGESTION– the removal of undigested wastes

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