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Urban Geography

Urban Geography. So where have you lived?. Rural countryside? Small rural town? Large town Small city? Big city? Suburbs of a big city? https://youtu.be/fKnAJCSGSdk. What does urban mean?. It refers to the built up space of a central city and its suburbs.

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Urban Geography

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  1. Urban Geography Jeff Cherry - KISD

  2. So where have you lived? Rural countryside? Small rural town? Large town Small city? Big city? Suburbs of a big city? https://youtu.be/fKnAJCSGSdk Jeff Cherry - KISD

  3. What does urban mean? It refers to the built up space of a central city and its suburbs. Jeff Cherry - KISD

  4. 1st agricultural villageCatalHuyuk (Turkey) Jeff Cherry - KISD

  5. 1st Urban Revolution • 10,000 – 12,000 years ago • 5 early hearths • Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates) • Nile River Valley • Indus River Valley • Yellow River Valley • Mesoamerica Jeff Cherry - KISD

  6. 2nd Urban Revolution • Late 18th / early 19th century • Mirroring the Industrial Revolution • Starting in England and spread to Europe and America. • Gave rise to unplanned and rapid growth, creating overcrowded slums, poor sanitation, and polluted “black cities.” • Described by Charles Dickens Jeff Cherry - KISD

  7. Warnings of population growth by Thomas Malthus seemed to appear true, as overcrowded, slum like conditions prevailed in the Midlands of England. Where is this phenomenon found today? Bleak Industrial Cities Jeff Cherry - KISD

  8. Quality of life was slow to progress Jeff Cherry - KISD

  9. Urbanization Jeff Cherry - KISD

  10. Barrios, Favelas, Gecekondu Jeff Cherry - KISD

  11. Urbanization’s pattern • In 1800, only 3% of the world’s population lived in a city. • 6% in 1850 • 14% in 1900 • 30% in 1950 • 47% in 2000 • 50% in 2007 (Monumental moment) • 2020 projection – 62% urban • 2050 projection – 75% urban Jeff Cherry - KISD

  12. Where is this happening? • 90% of population growth will take place in the LDC’s of the world, and conversely the rate of urbanization. Jeff Cherry - KISD

  13. https://youtu.be/v1p9jlQUW0k Jeff Cherry - KISD

  14. The biggest of the biggest! • Megalopolis • Large cities and their suburbs interconnected with other cities and their suburbs. • Bosnywash • Tokaido • Randstad “blue banana” or “bluemarang” Jeff Cherry - KISD

  15. “Bosnywash” megalopolis Jeff Cherry - KISD

  16. Jeff Cherry - KISD

  17. “blue banana” or bluemarang” Jeff Cherry - KISD

  18. Urban Environments • World Megacities (10 million or more) • More than ¾ of the current metropolitan areas that are Megacities are found in the developing world. • This number is expected to be a 4 to 1 ratio by 2025. • Tokyo • Mexico City • Mumbai • Seoul • Sao Paulo • Shanghai • Jakarta • (This list is argumentative and subject to change) • https://youtu.be/eFboV2m1yuw Jeff Cherry - KISD

  19. Urban Agglomerations • Metropolitan Area (MSA) • The U.S. designate a city with at least 50,000 • At least 25 persons per square mile • At least 50% of people working in central city • Conurbation • Metropolitan areas that are connected to one another yet smaller than a megalopolis. • Chicago-Milwaukee-Gary • Dallas-Forth Worth Jeff Cherry - KISD

  20. Hamlet: less than 500 usually at a crossroad • Village: 500-2500 people and specializes in one economic activity. • Town: has between 2500 and 20,000 people with a functioning government and specialized activities. • City: has between 20,000 to 1 million people. A regional center of government and trade. • ALL OF THESE DEFINITIONS CAN BE DETERMINED BY INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES Jeff Cherry - KISD

  21. How are Urban Areas Laid out? • There are 3 primary models of urban structure within U.S. cities: • Concentric Zone Model • Sector Model • Multiple Nuclei Model • Various urban patterns have developed in other parts of the world. Jeff Cherry - KISD

  22. Concentric Zone Model Jeff Cherry - KISD

  23. Concentric Zone Model • Developed by E.W. Burgess in 1923 • A city grows outward in rings from the central city, or CBD. • The size and width of the bands may vary. • Generally there are 5 bands: • Central Business District • Zone of transition (industry and poorer housing) • Working class homes • Newer middle class homes • Commuter zone Jeff Cherry - KISD

  24. Sector Model Jeff Cherry - KISD

  25. Sector Model • Developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt • Possibly environmental factors created wedges or pie shapes away from the CBD. • Zones or pie-shaped sectors include: • Transportation and industry • Low-class residential • Middle-class residential • High-class residential Jeff Cherry - KISD

  26. Multiple-Nuclei Model Jeff Cherry - KISD

  27. Multiple-Nuclei Model • C.D. Harris & E.L Ullman in 1945 • A complex structure that includes more than one city center. • Multiple-Nuclei states that some activities are attracted to particular nodes. • A Multiple-Nuclei city might have: • CBD • Wholesale, light manufacturing • Low-class residential • Medium-class residential • High-class residential • Heavy manufacturing • Outlying business district • Residential suburb • Industrial suburb Jeff Cherry - KISD

  28. Jeff Cherry - KISD

  29. Related topics of Urbanization • Central Place Theory • Rank-size rule • Primate city and Primate city rule • World cities • Daily urban systems • Suburbanization/”Edge Cities” • Gentrification/New Urbanism Jeff Cherry - KISD

  30. Rank-size Rule • In MDC’s, geographers notice that a ranking from largest to smallest (population) produces a regular pattern or hierarchy. • In other words, the 2nd largest city is one-half the size of the largest, the 4th largest is one-fourth the size of the largest, and so on. Jeff Cherry - KISD

  31. Rank-size illustration Jeff Cherry - KISD

  32. Jeff Cherry - KISD

  33. Jeff Cherry - KISD

  34. Central Place Theory- Walter Christaller • A central place is a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area. • Explains how services are distributed, therefore why settlement patterns are fairly regular in MDC’s Jeff Cherry - KISD

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  36. Using the Central Place Theory, use the map to create market centers for MLB teams, NBA teams, NFL teams, and Media markets including newspaper and television in Texas. Use different colored rings to illustrate and label. Jeff Cherry - KISD

  37. John Borchert • Borchert’s ideas are based on the impact of transportation and communication technology on the development of North American cities. • Cities will grow and decline respectively based on their positions of hierarchy. • Sail and Wagon Epoch • 1790-1830 • Steam-Iron Horse Epoch • 1830-1870 • Steel Rail Epoch • 1870-1920 • Auto-Air Amenity Epoch • 1920-1970 • High Technology/ Telecommunication Epoch • Not in Borcherts model • 1970’s into 21st century Jeff Cherry - KISD

  38. Primate City rule • A country’s largest city is the primate city. • The primate city rule is slightly different than the rank-size rule. • In the primate city rule, the primate city is MORE than twice the size of the next city. • Example: London 11 million to Birmingham (2nd largest) 3 million. Jeff Cherry - KISD

  39. World Cities • These cities are the dominant economic cities in the world. • They have a large concentration of global companies and business centers. • Dominant sectors include law, banking, insurance, accounting, advertising, and the stock market. Jeff Cherry - KISD

  40. World City Hierarchy Jeff Cherry - KISD

  41. “Edge Cities”, a phrase coined by geographer Joel Garreau. Emerging “Edge Cities” Jeff Cherry - KISD

  42. “Edge Cities” • These “edge cities” are suburban areas that are almost totally self-sufficient in terms of shopping, leisure activities, and workplaces. • Examples in Houston area include: • League City-Nasa Area • The Woodlands • Medical Center-West University • Sugarland-Richmond-Rosenburg • KATY! Jeff Cherry - KISD

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  44. Jeff Cherry - KISD

  45. “Daily urban systems” Jeff Cherry - KISD

  46. Urban Movements • Gentrification and the New Urbanism • https://youtu.be/5nyDbHi1YQE • https://youtu.be/VGJt_YXIoJI Jeff Cherry - KISD

  47. Redlining • Racially biased loan practices to depress communities and drive down property values. • Blockbusting • Realtors convinced white owners that minorities were moving in, essentially buying up property at a low cost. • Properties would then be sub-divided and sold to minorities or developers. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98IYrtA4U8c Jeff Cherry - KISD

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