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Argumentation

Learn about the elements of argumentation, the rhetorical triangle, and how to analyze ethos, logos, and pathos in written texts.

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Argumentation

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  1. Argumentation An Introduction to Rhetoric

  2. What is an argument? • According to Aristotle, rhetoric is ‘the ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion.’ • An argument is composed of three different elements: • The Speaker: the person/persona delivering the message • The Purpose: the topic + the reason for delivering the argument • The Audience: both specific (the specific group that is listening to/reading the argument) and general (the more generalized group of people the speaker is trying to reach)

  3. Rhetorical Triangle The Rhetorical Triangle demonstrates the dynamic relationship among the three rhetorical appeals (pathos, logos, ethos), or means of persuasion, as well as the relationship among the speaker, subject, and audience.

  4. Analysis is… • …not what is being said (CONTENT) • …but how it is being said (RHETORICAL ANALYSIS) • …we won’t only look at WHAT the piece is about • …we will discover HOW IT IS ABOUT WHAT IT IS ABOUT…

  5. Emphasizes • shared values • trustworthiness • credibility • reliability • expert testimony (expertise) • Experience • Sincerity • Knowledge • reliable sources • fairness • tone of reason or goodwill or thoroughness Ethos or Character Speakers and writers appeal to ethos to demonstrate they are credible, competent and trustworthy

  6. Emphasizes • case studies • statistics • experiments • logical reasoning • analogies • anecdotes • authority voices • Clear argument or thesis • facts • Acknowledges a counterargument • Concedes • Refutes Logos or Reason Logos appeals to reason. Logos can also be thought of as the text of the argument, as well as how well a writer has argued his/her point.

  7. Uses Strong connotative words • Vivid, Concrete Description • Figurative Language • Appeals to higher emotions • belief in fairness, love, pity, etc. • Appeals to lower emotions • Greed, lust, revenge, avarice, etc. • Although, it’s generally • Propagandistic • Polemical (strongly critical writing or speech) Pathos or Emotion appeals to the emotions and the sympathetic imagination, as well as to beliefs and values. Pathos can also be thought of as the role of the audience in the argument.

  8. Rhetorical Web Exigence-the initial situation or issue that prompts someone to write or speak

  9. Compare/Contrast #1 • The two following pictures have similar elements but used for different purposes. For each image, identify: • Author • Audience • Purpose • Logos, Pathos, Ethos

  10. Look at the following picture…

  11. And now this picture…

  12. Now, with a partner(s)… • Discuss the two images before we discuss them as a group.

  13. Compare/Contrast #2 • The two following commercials have similar elements, but, again used for different purposes. For each commercial, identify: • Author • Purpose • Audience • Logos, Pathos, Ethos

  14. Commercials • #1-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbHMZ6WSzlc • #2- • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFRAmElznF4

  15. Homework: Analyze a Written Text • Students are assigned to read a pre-selected short text at home and write a one page analysis or fill out a graphic organize describing how the author creates an argument. • Option #1: George Bush 9/11 speech https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7OCgMPX2mE • Option #2: Malala Yousafzai’ Speech at the Youth Takeovr of the United Nations http://theirworld.org/explainers/malala-yousafzais-speech-at-the-youth-takeover-of-the-united-nations

  16. Analysis– Use next slide for help • First Paragraph– • Identify the author. • Identify the exigence-- add any contextual/situational information • Identify the audience. • Summarize the argument. • Second Paragraph– • Analyze Logos • Third Paragraph— • Analyze Pathos • Fourth Paragraph— • Analyze Ethos

  17. Questions to help you recognize and utilize logos, ethos, and pathos • Logos: • Is the thesis clear and specific? • Is the thesis supported by strong reasons and credible evidence? • Is the argument logical and arranged in a well-reasoned order? • Ethos: • What are the writer’s qualifications? How has the writer connected him/herself to the topic being discussed? • Does the writer demonstrate respect for multiple viewpoints by using sources in the text? • Are sources credible? Are sources documented appropriately? • Does the writer use a tone that is suitable for the audience/purpose? Is the diction (word choice) used appropriate for the audience/purpose? • Is the document presented in a polished and professional manner? • Pathos: • Are vivid examples, details and images used to engage the reader’s emotions and imagination? • Does the writer appeal to the values and beliefs of the reader by using examples readers can relate to or care about?

  18. More Clarification • Watch: http://prezi.com/7snss9sqhkoi/aristotles-rhetorical-triangle/

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