Bell Ringer

1. Bell Ringer • Describe one way to conserve soil. • Test Thursday. Review day Wednesday. • SMART lunch

2. Geohazards

3. Geohazards • What do you think when you hear “geohazard?” • Geohazard – geological conditions that may lead to widespread damage or risk • Can you think of an example of a geohazard?

4. Geohazards • Geohazard Mitigation – the action of reducing or preventing the severity, seriousness, and/or painfulness of geohazards • Example: What is one way you could reduce your risk of getting hurt in an avalanche? • While some mitigation (prevention) is possible, the Earth’s surface is often unpredictable

5. Earthquakes • Earthquakes – a sudden and violent shaking of the Earth’s ground • Cause – volcanic activity and/or tectonic activity (more on this next unit)

6. Earthquake Hazards • Hazards – structural damage (manmade structures toppling over, collapsing, or pancaking)

7. Earthquake Hazards • Liquefaction – ground vibrates so rapidly that the land temporarily acts like quicksand • Tsunamis

8. Earthquake Hazards • Christchurch, New Zealand (2011): • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alC7JpUuDMI

9. Japan 2011 • Magnitude 9.0 • Over 15,000 deaths, 6000 injuries, and 2600 people missing. • Over 125,000 buildings totally collapsed; 270,000 buildings half collapsed, and 750,000 buildings partially damaged • Caused nuclear meltdowns, evacuating residents within a 12 mile radius of the power plant • $14-35 billion dollars in damages; costliest natural disaster in world history

10. Earthquake Mitigation • Locations to Avoid – earthquakes are sudden and unpredictable, but tend to occur in areas that have had earthquakes in the past

11. Earthquake Mitigation • Since the majority of damage is structural, one of the safest places to be during an earthquake is [inside / outside] in a(n) [rural / urban] area • If you’re in an earthquake – crouch under a sturdy table, kneeling and protecting your neck

12. Tsunamis • Tsunami – an extremely large and powerful ocean wave (some over 100 feet tall!) • Cause – earthquakes, underwater landslides or explosions

13. Tsunami Hazards • Hazards – force of the wave traveling at high speeds destroys nearly all structures in its path • Large volume of water can carry large objects (such as ships) miles inland before dropping them and causes excessive floods and drowning

14. Tsunami Hazards • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQg4kHYrZ9c

15. 2004 Tsunami • Caused by 9.3 earthquake in the Indian Ocean • Exact death toll is unknown, but estimated over 230,000 with thousands more missing (drowning, electrocution, gas explosions, floating debris) • Over 500,000 people were injured

16. Tsunami Mitigation • Locations to Avoid – since the majority of tsunamis are caused by earthquakes, avoid places prone to frequent earthquakes • Avoid ______ areas (hint: it’s an ocean wave…) • 80% of Earth’s tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean coastal

17. Tsunami Mitigation • Signs a tsunami is approaching – earthquake tremors, water recedes (pulls away) from the coast, “roaring” sound (similar to a jet aircraft)

18. Tsunami Mitigation • If you’re in a tsunami – not much you can do to survive • Petra Nemcova – survived the 2004 tsunami by clinging to a the roof of a house for hours with a shattered pelvis http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/thailand/11303121/2004-Tsunami-Petra-Nemcova-the-supermodel-who-survived-the-Boxing-Day-tragedy.html

19. Slides and Flows • Slides (landslides, rockslides, avalanches) – the sliding down of a mass of land, rock, or snow from a mountain or cliff • Debris Flows (mudslides) – the sliding down of a mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, water, and air from a mountain or cliff

20. Slides and Flows • Cause – can be triggered by earthquakes or volcanic activity, but usually occur after significant amounts of rain • Water reduces friction between soil or rock particles and gravity pulls the particles downhill

21. Slides and Flows • *Landslide Italy* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R__3DYQCVnA • Debris Flow in Oregon: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1qY8nPqcCw • Landslides in California (Jan 2016): http://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/cliffside-homes-near-collapse-in-california-due-to-el-nino-erosion-609415235861 • Landslide Mt. Saint Helens: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UK--hvgP2uY

22. Slide and Flow Hazards • Hazards – primarily property damage, but can also cause deaths • In the US each year: $3.5 billion in property damage, 25-50 deaths

23. Slide and Flow Mitigation Why are these areas at highest risk? • Locations to Avoid – mountainous areas, especially after intense _______ rainfall

24. Slides and Flows • If you’re in a slide or flow … how to survive depends on the speed of the flow • Slow-moving flows: move perpendicular to the flow (don’t try to outrun) • Fast-moving flows: go to innermost part of a building and curl up in a ball, protecting your neck Direction of flow

25. Karsts and Sinkholes • Review: Carbon dioxide that mixes in water turns into carbonic acid. This acidic water has the ability to dissolve rocks such as limestone • Review: What type of weathering is this?

26. Karsts and Sinkholes • Karsts – areas of limestone and other rocks that have been at least partially dissolved by acidic groundwater (water that flows underground)

27. Karsts and Sinkholes • Sinkhole – a cavity (hole) in the ground, especially in limestone bedrock • Cause – chemical weathering of limestone, can also be caused by overuse of groundwater

28. Karsts and Sinkholes

29. Sinkholes • Corvette Museum, Kentucky: • Sinkhole swallowed 8 cars • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IukDWhf7U9I • http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2016/02/11/corvette-museum-pays-homage-giant-sinkhole-ate-8-cars/80265920/

30. Karsts and Sinkholes • Hazards – primarily property damage; deaths are rare (<10 worldwide each year) • Mitigation – more difficult than the other geohazards; basically, just have a knowledge of the types of rocks in your area

32. Bell Ringer • (you don’t have to write this one down, but do have an answer ready) • Name a geohazard. What is one danger that can occur from it? What is one way to mitigate the danger? • All Intro Quizzes MUST be made up this week.

33. Review Day • Test tomorrow. Really really study! • Make flash cards, rewrite notes in own words, draw pictures, etc. • Scavenger Hunt – listen to directions; if a card is on your desk, please clear belongings from the table • Turn in when done and each person needs a Review WS. This is individual work. Hold onto tonight to help you study. You will turn them in tomorrow.

35. Quick Review

36. Quick Review • Igneous rocks formed by __________ and ____________ of magma • Sedimentary rocks formed by ____________, __________, and ___________ (lithification) • Metamorphic rocks formed from intense __________ and ______________ cooling crystallization burial cementation compaction heat pressure

37. Quick Review weathering erosion • Sediments form by __________, _______, and _____________ • Weathering – breaking rock down • Erosion – moving • Deposition -- dropping deposition

38. Quick Review Cool and dry Size and shape Chem composition Warm and wet

39. Quick Review • Wind Erosion – smallest particles, able to move uphill • Glacier Erosion – largest particles

40. Quick Review • A Horizon – rich, fertile topsoil • B Horizon – clay • C Horizon – weathered rock, first to form • Bedrock – parent material

41. 60% sand, 10% clay, 30% silt

42. Any Other Questions?

44. Write answers in the blanks. Turn in when done. • Journal: • Together with quiz, worth 25% of your quarter grade (good chance to bring up bad quiz grades) • You may RESEARCH on your phone (Honor Code, no communicating about the test) • Supplies at Station 1. Get them QUIETLY. • You may turn it in when you are done. Otherwise, it is due tomorrow.