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Qualities of Good and Terrible Leaders & Post-WWI Europe

Explore the qualities of a good leader and a terrible leader, and learn about the political and economic situation in Europe after World War I.

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Qualities of Good and Terrible Leaders & Post-WWI Europe

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  1. Do Now: 2/241) What are three qualities of a good leader? Explain.2) What are three qualities of a terrible leader? Explain.

  2. Notes #4 THE WORLD AFTER WWI1919-1939

  3. France: Reparations from Germany Land rich in natural resources Britain: Control of German colonies Reparations from Germany Control of German boats United States: League of Nations New nations in Europe Germany: Lost 10% of land & colonies Accept responsibility for war Pay $5 Billion in reparations Military disbanded TERMS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES– WHAT THEY GOT

  4. Europe 1919 New Countries: Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Austria Hungary Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Turkey

  5. POSTWAR DEMOCRACIES • Little experience with representative governments • Too many political parties • Coalition Governments didn’t work: too many disagreements • Weak gov’ts in difficult times changed for totalitarian rulers

  6. THE DAWES PLAN1924-1930 ALLIES (GB/FR) U.S. $2.6 Bill War debts to be repaid; U.S. goods imported to rebuild economies U.S. lends $2.6 bill to Germany; spent on building up German economy Germany uses increased tax revenues to pay $2.0 bill reparations to France GERMANY

  7. WEIMAR REPUBLIC of GERMANY • Established in 1919 • No democratic tradition in Germany • Post-WWI Germany had many political parties • Many people blamed the Weimar Gov’t for the problems Treaty of Versailles

  8. HYPER-INFLATION IN GERMANY

  9. HYPER-INFLATION IN GERMANY

  10. HYPER-INFLATION IN GERMANY • Wartime taxes not increased • German gov’t printed money to pay for war and to pay for war reparations forced by the Treaty of Versailles • Prices increased while the value of the currency (Mark) fell • People unable to afford basic necessities

  11. Factories: U.S. factories producing large amounts of goods Most people in U.S. too poor to purchase these goods Store owners cut back orders from factories Factories reduce production; workers fired Farms: Large amount of crops Competition from foreign crops Surplus food drives prices down Farmers don’t make profit; cannot make loan payments Farmers lose land to banks THE UNITED STATES:OVERPRODUCTION AND UNDERCONSUMPTION

  12. Do Now 2/25/15 Write the following question and answer them using the following slide. (#1 will also help you with #4 for the 13.2 questions) • What was the peak unemployment rate for the U.S., Britain, and Germany in 1932? • What event signaled a dramatic rise in unemployment throughout the west? • Who seems to have a bigger positive influence on reducing unemployment; Hitler or FDR? Why do you think this is the case?

  13. UNEMPLOYMENT, 1928-1938 FDR & NEW DEAL HITLER STOCK MARKET CRASHES

  14. Unit 6 Notes #5 The Rise of Totalitarianism

  15. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOTALITARIANISMUSSR, FASCIST ITALY, NAZI GERMANYAll shared the following… • Dictatorship and One-party rule • Blind obedience to leader • State more important than individual • State control of economy • use of police spies and terror to enforce gov’t rules • Gov’t control of media: indoctrination and mobilization of citizens; spread ideology to kids • strict censorship of artists and intellectuals

  16. The Political Spectrum

  17. DIFFERENCES Communism: (USSR) • International change • Classless society • Support from urban factory workers and farmers • Ideas based on Karl Marx Fascism: Italy/Spain Nazism: Germany • Enemies of socialists & communists! • Highly nationalist- war is good! • Class divisions • Support from business leaders, land owners, middle class • Ideas differed somewhat by country

  18. “Fascism is the complete opposite of [Communism]…it combats the whole system of democracy…it denies that the majority [of the people] can direct society…For Fascism the growth of the empire and war is essential…” 1932 BELIEFS OF FASCISM: Loyalty to the state Extreme nationalism Peaceful states would be conquered Uniforms and special salutes Mass rallies Each class has a place & function What is Fascism?By Benito Mussolini

  19. Benito Mussolini“Il Duce” ITALIAN FASCISM • Wanted to rescue Italy from poor economy, rebuild military after WWI • “Black shirts” terrorized Communists • 1922 Italian Prime Minister • Abolished democracy and all opposition; won support of middle class, aristocracy, industry leaders • Italy became the model for fascism in Spain and Germany

  20. Do Now 2/27/15 Analyze the political cartoon on page 429: What was the purpose (goal) of the Kellogg-Briand Pact? Do you think the cartoonist feels that a fire insurance policy is enough to prevent a fire? Why? What point is the cartoonist making about the pact? Use background information from page 429 if you need help.

  21. Ideology • A form of extreme right-wing ideology. • Celebrates the nation or the race over individual happiness • Powerful and continuing nationalism. • Constant use of patriotic mottos, slogans, symbols, songs, etc. • Flags are seen everywhere.

  22. Subordination to the State • Nothing is more important than the State (country) • It uses organized violence to suppress opposition. • Glorification of force. • Is anti-democratic.

  23. Cult of State Worship • The individual had no significance except as a member of the state. • The fascists were taught: • Credere! [to believe] • Obbedire! [to obey] • Combattere! [to fight]

  24. Use your knowledge acquired by watching “Swing Kids” and the information on Pgs. 436-437 to answer the following:1. Why did totalitarian governments try to win the loyalty of their nation’s young people?2. In Italy, women who had fourteen or more children were given a medal by Mussolini himself. Why were women honored for having many children?

  25. Notes # 6:TheCharacteristicsof Fascism

  26. The Myth of Rebirth • Emphasis on a national or racial rebirth after a period of decline or destruction (such as the Great Depression and WWI) • Seeks to purge “alien” forces and groups that threaten the “pure” community.

  27. Militarism

  28. Identification of Enemies or Scapegoats as a Unifying Cause • The people are rallied into a unifying patriotic frenzy over the need to eliminate a perceived common threat or foe. • This foe could be racial, ethnic, a religious minority, liberals, communists, etc.

  29. Disdain for the Recognition of Human Rights • Because of the fear of enemies and the need for security, the people are persuaded that human rights can be ignored out of “need.” • People look the other way or even approve of torture, executions, long incarcerations of prisoners, assassinations, etc.

  30. The Fascist Family The Fascists encouraged the development of large families.

  31. Religion & GovernmentAre Intertwined • Fascist governments tend to use the most common religion in the nation as a tool to manipulate public opinion. • They meld religious rhetoric, symbolism, mythology, etc., into their policies [appears to give a religious approval for government policies!]

  32. Disdain for Intellectuals & for the Arts • Open hostility to higher education and academia is promoted. • Professors and other academics are censored or arrested. • Free expression in the arts and letters is openly attacked.

  33. Controlled Mass Media

  34. Emphasis on Physical Fitness

  35. Fascism in Spain • Civil war in Spain: Italy and Germany supported General Francisco Franco- Spanish Fascist • 1939 Franco became dictator until 1970s • Guernica: Spanish village bombed by German planes

  36. The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939 Francisco Franco

  37. The Spanish Civil War:A Dress Rehearsal for WW II? Italian troops in Madrid

  38. “Guernica”Pablo Picasso

  39. #7 The World DriftsTowards War

  40. Do Now 3/6/15Read the “Dictatorship” Concept Connector on page 439. Answer in complete sentences.1)How did the following gain power: a) Julius Caeserb) Francisco Francoc) Fidel Castro2) Give examples of how each leader maintained power.

  41. Adolf Hitler“The Fuhrer” • Joined National Socialist German Worker’s Party (NAZI) in 1920 • Mein Kampf: set Hitler’s beliefs as later policy for nazi party • Great Depression gave him followers; nazi’s became largest political party • Economic and cultural control

  42. NAZI PROPAGANDA1920-1945 “The greater the mass of men to be reached, the lower its intellectual level must be.” --Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf

  43. Techniques To convince the masses, Nazi’s must have a few points driven home through: • Simple slogans • Repeat them endlessly • Use of mass meetings to get people to feed off of one another; new members of the movement will feel a sense of belonging

  44. “I want to exploit film as an instrument of propaganda.” – Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda “It is possible by means of shrewd and unremitting propaganda to make people believe that heaven is hell- and hell heaven.” Hitler “The Fuhrer above all! Above the tremendous symphony of crowds, marching columns, meetings, commemorations, marches and congresses: his words on the present- for the future.” – Leni Riefenstahl

  45. PROPAGANDA POSTERS

  46. “Europe’s victory is your prosperity”

  47. One People, One Nation, Our Fuhrer!

  48. Notes #7 Continued

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