“ 쎄듀 어법끝 4.0 ”

Unit 01 시제 TENSE POINT 01 '점·선' 개념으로 '완료(perfect)시제'를 정복하라! Simple Past(점) vs. Present Perfect(선) 1. 단순과거: 과거의 한 시점을 나타낼 뿐, 현재와의 연관성은 알 수 없다. 2. 현재완료: 과거부터 현재까지의 동작이나 상태를 나타낸다. 3. 현재완료는 특히 「since+특정 과거 시점」, 「for+기간」과 함께 쓰이는 경우가 많다. 4. 현재완료는 명백한 과거를 나타내는 부사구와는 쓰이지 않는다. vs. 과거 현재 과거 현재 ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

1. The market was crowded with shoppers and vendors this morning. The Mongol Empire was one of the most powerful empires in the world. 2. The market has been crowded with shoppers and vendors since this morning. The United Kingdom has been one of the most influential countries in the world. [기출 응용] 3. Ever since the 1930s, archaeologists have believed that the Tigris and Euphrates valley in ancient Mesopotamia (now Iraq) was the "cradle of civilization.” ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

Matt will soon graduate from college. He has worked toward his degree for five years. 4. After graduating from university, he has joined (→ joined) the company as a salesperson in 1998. [기출 응용] 다음 빈칸에 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. 001 Since it manufactured its first car in 1955, Korea _______ _______ to be the fifth largest automobile producer in the world [기출 응용] ① grows ② grew ③ has grown ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

002 The eggs _______________ when the summer started and since indoor temperatures are warm they are hatching. ① were laid ② have been laid ③ were lied 003 The snow started this morning. It _____________ snowing yet, so I want to go sledding while it is still light out. ① doesn't stop ② didn't stop ③ hasn't stopped ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

다음 중 어법상 적절한 표현을 고르시오. 004 An unusually destructive fire occurred / has occurred in this city last night, between eight and nine o'clock, by which the handsome edifice was consumed. 005 To this day, in every country in Latin America, the rate of crime was / has been rising for more than a decade along with the level of crime-related violence. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

Don't be fooled! 「for + 기간」, 「since + 특정 과거 시점」이 반드시 완료시제와만 쓰이는 것은 아니다. She hosted the famous quiz show for twelve years between 1990 and 2002. We are now into the second year since the president assumed office. 그녀는 유명한 퀴즈쇼를 1990년과 2002년 사이에 12년간 진행했다. (단순과거) 이제 대통령이 취임한 이후 2년째에 접어들고 있다. (단순현재) ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

006 Just a few minutes ago, the Prime Minister made / has made a brief speech on the current economic situation and monetary policy. 다음 문장에서 어법상 어색한 부분을 찾아 바로잡으시오. 007 Honey was collected and consumed by humans since prehistoric times because it was one of the few sources of sugar. [기출 응용] ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

POINT 02 과거완료는 기준이 되는 과거보다 순서상 먼저다! ★ Past Perfect(과거완료) 과거완료는 특정 과거보다 시간상, 순서상 먼저 발생한 동작이나 상태를 나타낸다. 1. He was tricked by fake documents. He realized that he had been tricked by fake documents. 2. I can't remember what was written on the board. The only way to find out about the experiences of the early immigrants was to read what had been written. 과거 현재 ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

다음 중 어법상 적절한 표현을 고르시오. 009 The supervisor worked / had worked with us for seven years when he suddenly announced his resignation. 010 Two men were / had been arrested near the supermarket around midnight after a witness reported that they had broken into a car. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 것을 고르시오. 012 Frodo woke and found himself lying in bed. The ceiling looked different from what he (A) had seen before. At first he thought that he (B) has slept late, after a long unpleasant dream that still (C) hovered on the edge of memory. But soon after, he realized it (D) was not his home. [기출 응용] ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

013 Gullah (A) began as a trade language in West Africa. Although Gullah (B) was spoken for hundreds of years, until recently there were (C) few attempts to write it down. Some linguists now recognize the importance of Gullah and (D) are working to preserve this language. [기출 응용] ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

Further Study 미래완료 미래의 기준점이 있을 때, 즉 현재에서 미래까지 이어지는 동작이나 상태는 미래완료로 표현한다. Nine months have passed since I saw my older brother. He will have finished two thirds of his military service by this time next year. 오빠를 본 지도 9개월이 지났다. 내년 이맘때쯤이면 오빠는 병역을 3분의 2정도 마치게 될 것이다. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

POINT 03 시간(Time)과 시제(Tense)가 반드시 일치하는 것은 아니다. ★ Time(시간) vs. Tense(시제) 시간과 조건의 부사절에서는 현재(완료)시제가 미래(완료)시제를 대신한다. cf. if나 when이 명사절을 이끌 때는 원칙적으로 미래시제를 그대로 쓴다. 1. All the animals will lose their homes once the forests are gone. 2. Registrations will be canceled if tuition fees due are not paid. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

3. I will support you until you have reached your goal. cf. Could you please tell me if the Beijing flight will be arriving on time? To be well prepared, team members need to know when the meeting will be held. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

다음 중 어법상 적절한 표현을 고르시오. 014 If you drive / will drive yourself to a new place by following directions, you'll probably remember how to get there days or even weeks later. [기출 응용] 015 You feel lonely. You miss friends and socializing. You wonder if you ever become / will ever become socially active again. Sure you can, but whether you actually will is up to you. Social withdrawal doesn't go away by itself. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

016 When you take / will take the test, you will mark your answers on a separate machine-readable answer sheet. 017 If the government won't / doesn't support the performing arts, this country will lose much of the heart and soul of its culture. [기출 응용] ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

Further Study Time(시간)과 Tense(시제)가 일치하지 않는 또 다른 경우 1. 주절이 과거일 때 종속절(주로 명사절)에는 과거나 과거완료가 오지만, 예외적으로 종속절이 현재의 습관·사실이거나 일반적 진 리이면 현재시제를 사용한다. 2. 확정된 일정이나 계획의 경우, 현재형이나 현재진행형으로 미래 를 나타낼 수 있다. 1. He told me that he takes a multivitamin pill every morning because he was encouraged to do so by a medical TV program. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

The recent survey indicated a small increase in knowledge about HIV and AIDS. For example, more people were aware that HIV is not transmitted by sharing eating or drinking utensils. 2. A new music school opens in the village this month. All-Star Sporting Equipment is having a once-in-a-lifetime sale on all sports equipment in the store next month. We are opening our business in South Korea in four months. Currently we are providing Korean language learning materials for employees to prepare for our grand opening. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

Unit 02 태 VOICE POINT 04 '하느냐', '되느냐' 그것이 문제로다! ★★★ 수동태의 원칙 1. 타동사(transitive verbs)는 능동태로 쓰일 때 뒤에 목적어를 취 한다. 뒤에 목적어가 없다면 일단 수동태(be p.p.) 자리가 아닌지 의심하라. 이는 준동사(to be p.p. / being p.p.)의 경우도 마찬 가지다. (의미상) 주어와 (준)동사의 관계에 맞춰 능동태나 수동 태를 쓴다. 2. 자동사(intransitive verbs)는 수동태로 쓸 수 없다. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

혼동하기 쉬운 자동사 appear occur seem happen remain arrive rise result disappear cf. consist of 1. X-rays ____________ for a variety of purposes. (use) Odd numbers cannot ______________ evenly by two. (divide) Seminar papers are to _____________ within one week. (revise) 2. Her interview appeared in the Politics section of the daily newspaper. It seems that there is a bottleneck somewhere in the system. cf. Hangeul consists of 14 consonants and 10 vowels. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

다음 중 어법상 적절한 표현을 고르시오. 018 Renaissance artists reformed painting. They wanted objects in paintings to represent / be represented with accuracy. [기출 응용] 019 Successful people have learned the value of simply staying in the game until success won / is won . [기출 응용] ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

020 A violent fire partially destroyed / was destroyed the church in 1983, but it rebuilt / was rebuilt with all its original features preserved, such as the brick tower. 021 Kept at room temperature, this red wine is best consumed within five days of the bottle opening / being opened . 022 Sometimes your goals remain / are remained unfocused, and therefore unrealized. [기출 응용] ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

023 To make / be made into strong and flexible sheets of paper, the plant materials must undergo a complicated process. The branches cut off from the trees are steamed, boiled, and then washed many times to remove / be removed any impure materials. They also beat / are also beaten for several hours. [기출 응용] ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

다음 문장에서 밑줄 친 단어의 적절한 어형을 쓰시오. 024 I have accepted a new position at a publishing company. The decision was not an easy one, and involve much consideration. [기출 응용] 025 The class will vote by marking their choices on ballots. A ballot is a piece of paper listing the candidates for president. The votes count, and the person who gets the most votes becomes the new class president. [기출 응용] ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

026 When a customer purchases a product with a credit card, the purchase charge to the credit card holder's account. 다음 빈칸에 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. 027 If you are unable to locate a book in the stacks and there is no record of its ______________, you may request that the library staff search for the item. ① having borrowed ② having been borrowed ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

POINT 05 수동태로 쓰일 때 뒤에 명사가 올 수 있는 동사들에 주의하라! ★★ 1. 두 개의 목적어를 취하는 동사의 수동태는 뒤에 하나의 목적어가 남게 되므로 주의한다. 목적어로는 명사구, 명사절 등 명사 상당어구가 온다. give, ask, tell, show, teach, offer, send, pay lend 등이 이에 해당하는 동사. 2. 「목적어+목적격보어」를 취하는 동사의 수동태 뒤에는 목적격보 어가 남게 된다. 명사, 형용사, 분사, to부정사 등이 올 수 있다. consider, call, name, elect, appoint 등이 이에 해당하는 동사. cf. 사역동사·지각동사는 목적격보어로 원형부정사를 취하는데, 수동태 문장에서는 to부정사로 전환된다. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

1. Philip was given the money to produce television and radio ads. I was taught the importance of strict mental and physical discipline. We were told that our neighbor would move out soon. I was shown what was going to be my bedroom for the night. 2. Despite some disappointments, the conference was considered a success ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

My friend and I were elected Chair and Vice-Chair. The young and aggressive dogs are kept separate from the aged and weak ones. Early December, every store was heard playing Christmas music. Students are not allowed to use their mobile phones in lectures. cf. We saw three lifeboats move away from the burning ship. → Three lifeboats were seen to move away from the burning ship. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

다음 중 어법상 적절한 표현을 고르시오. 028 The rescue of five children after an earthquake later called / was later called a miracle considering that hundreds of other children were killed in the same disaster. 029 Lack of access to bank accounts and structured saving mechanisms makes / is made it more difficult for low -income families to save. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

030 It is a good time to ask questions about salary, benefits, and paid vacation now that you have been offering / offered the position by the company. 031 When my grandfather informed / was informed that he had cancer, he showed less personal concern about the outcome than the doctors did. 032 The carpets were traditionally used to decorate the floors and walls, and they considered / were considered a sign of wealth ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

Further Study 빈출 수동태 어구 & 해석에 유의해야 할 자동사 1. 수동의 형태로 흔히 쓰이는 동사 be accustomed to v-ing be honored to-v be concerned[worried] about be dressed in be located[situated] be obsessed with be seated be referred to as We are honored to have been chosen as one of the top 100 websites. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

People are concerned about the long-term health effects of eating genetically modified foods. When you are able to appreciate the process rather than be obsessed with the result, it frees you up to gain confidence. Sydney Harbour is often referred to as the most beautiful natural harbor in the world. 2. 능동의 표현인데 수동의 뜻을 가지는 동사 This historical adventure novel sold half a million copies. The museum does not open until 10 a.m. on Sundays. The door closed right before my eyes. The wind suddenly changed from a southerly to a northerly. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

확인학습 1.다음 중 밑줄 친 동사의 쓰임이 잘못된 문장을 고르시오. ① Who is to blame for causing the problem? ② The rule reads, "Never let a kite go near radio or TV antennas." ③ I went to the beach last weekend, and now my back is peeling. ④ The school locates on the block behind the police station. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

POINT 06 결합되어 쓰이는 수동태에 주의하라! ★★ 1.진행형 수동태: be being p.p. 2.완료형 수동태: have[has, had] been p.p. 3.조동사+be p.p. 4.관계사절 속 수동태 1. The report is being printed now. It seems like we are being followed. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

2. Much of our tradition has been forgotten. Nobody in my class has been invited to the wedding. 3. The damaged areas could be restored. This noise might not be heard from a distance. 4. Thousands of people (who are) dressed in costumes will be on the streets. We have to use a qualified technician whose expertise has been gained through hands-on experience. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

다음 중 어법상 적절한 표현을 고르시오. 034 We as individual consumers can protect animals by boycotting products that test / are tested on animals. 035 The same technology that astronomers are using / being used to sharpen the images from telescopes is also giving eye specialists better techniques for studying and correcting human vision ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

036 More recently, efforts have made / have been made to personalize children's learning, making educational experience more innovative and responsive to the diversity of needs in schools. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 것을 고르시오. 037 Wind cannot (A) be seen but its effects can (B) observe by using the senses of sight, sound, and touch, and by (C) tracking bubbles that (D) are carried by the wind. 038 A few people (A) have recognized the value of certain wild plants in Korea. They (B) are fascinated by the beauty of these plants and (C) have motivated to conserve them after (D) discovering the threats the plants face. [기출 응용] ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

POINT 07 감정 변화를 나타내는 동사들은 '~하게 하다'는 뜻이므로 '~하는지(능동)' 혹은 '~되는지(수동)'에 따라 v-ing와 p.p.를 가려 쓴다. ★★★ interest, surprise, excite, please, amaze, shock, depress, frustrate, embarrass, frighten, confuse, puzzle과 같은 동사들은 • p.p. 형태로 쓰이면 사람이 그러한 감정을 느끼는 것을 표현하고 • v-ing 형태로 쓰이면 사람이나 사물이 그러한 감정을 일으키는 것을 나타낸다 ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

1. None of the players is interested in winning the championship. The news was interesting enough to draw my attention. 2. Steven, pleased by his own drawings, sent his best work to the contest. I couldn't find anything that was pleasing to my eye. 3. People on vacation were surprised by the sudden cold weather. Those in-depth analyses may turn out to be surprising. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

다음 중 어법상 적절한 표현을 고르시오. 039 The results of the study conducted by health researchers were shocking / shocked . Doctors frequently failed to tell patients basic information about drugs and their potential side effects. 040 To me, the first week of school used to be frightening / frightened , with its uncertainties and new faces ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

041 Many of the art critics were surprising / surprised to see works tackling China's environmental problems and the economic difficulties experienced by many migrant workers. 042 The computer is amazing / amazed not because it can handle complex mathematical operations, but because it can perform them in one billionth of a second without error. [기출 응용] ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

043 Some of the obvious signs that a person is depressing / depressed are persistent feelings in that person of sadness, guilt, fear, and pain. 044 Students interesting / interested in the position of president will talk to their classmates and make posters to let others know they are running for that office. [기출 응용] ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

POINT 08 구동사는 한 덩어리로 취급하라! ★★ 구동사(Phrasal verbs)의 수동태 1. Feedback from customers is always looked forward to. Rocks have been broken down into smaller pieces by ice, water, and the wind. Rude behavior does not need to be put up with, anytime or anywhere. 2. The main road leading to the town was washed away during the monsoon. She was brought up in a warm family atmosphere. The street protesters were being held back by the police. ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

다음 빈칸에 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. 046 When two holidays fall in the same week, classes for one holiday will ______________. ① be made up ② make up ③ make up for 047 In general, parents feel a special kind of love for their own children that they do not feel for other children. This feeling ______________ as parental love. [기출 응용] ① often refers to ② is often referred to ③ is often referred ⓒ 2010 by CEDU Inc.

“ 쎄듀 어법끝 4.0 ”