MENANAM POHON UNTUK MENABUNG AIR-HUJAN

1. MENANAM POHON UNTUK MENABUNG AIR-HUJAN Diabstraksikan: smno.psdl.ppsub.2013

2. Pohonialahtumbuhandenganbatangdancabang yang berkayu. Pohonmemilikibatangutama yang tumbuhtegak, menopangtajukpohon. Pohondibedakandarisemakmelaluipenampilannya. Semakjugamemilikibatangberkayu, tetapitidaktumbuhtegak. Dengandemikian, pisangbukanlahpohonsejatikarenatidakmemilikibatangsejati yang berkayu. Jenis-jenismawarhiaslebihtepatdisebutsemakdaripadapohonkarenabatangnyawalaupunberkayutidakberdiritegakdanhabitusnyacenderungmenyebarmenutuppermukaantanah. Diunduh dari: .

3. Diunduh dari: www.thecottagekey.com/watershed.htm POHON adalah tumbuhan berkayu yang perennial. Kadangkala pohon didefinisikan sebagai tanaman berkayu yang mencapai diameter 10 cm (lingkaran batangnya 30 cm) atau lebih besar pada ketinggian nafas manusia (130 cm di atas permuakan tanah). Ada kesepakatan ukuran minimum, istilah yang biasanya digunakan bagi tanaman yang tumbuh tingginya minimal 5-6 meter (15-20 ft) pada saat ia dewasa dan mempunyai percabangan sekunder yang bertumpu pada batang utama, yang disebut “a trunk”. Kebanyakan pohon menunjukkan dominasi pucuk yang jelas, meskipun tidak selalu demikian. Kalau dibandingkan dengan tumbuhan lainnya, pohon umurnya lebih panjang, ada yang mencapai beberapa ratus tahun dan tingginya mencapai 115 meter (375 ft).

4. Peran pohon dalam siklus air POHON merupakan komponen penting dari bentang-lahan alami karena kemampuannya untuk mencegah erosi dan menyediakan ekosistem khas di dalam dan di bawah naungan tajuknya. Poon juga mempunyai peranan penting dalam menghasilkan oksigen dan mereduksi CO2 di atmosfir, juga mampu memoderasi suhu permukaan bumi. Pohon juga merupakan komponen penting dari bentang-lahan dan pertanian, karena wujud estetikanya atau karena produksi buahnya (misalny apel). Kayu dari pohon menjadi bahan bangunan yang penting.

5. Benefits of Trees in Urban Areas • Save Energy • Improve air quality • Extend life of paved surfaces • Increase traffic safety • Increase real estate values • Increase sociological benefits • Protect our water resources Pepohonan membersihkan udara yang kita hirup. Partikel debu, CO, SO2, dan polutan-polutan lain akan diserap oleh tanaman sehingga kita bisa menghirup udara yang lebih baik kualitasnya.

6. All water is part of this cycle Pepohonan Meningkatkan kualitas air tanah. Pepohonan mengurangi aliran permukaan (run-off), karena akarnya menyerap air yang jatuh ke tanah. Lebih banyak air yang terserap ke dalam tanah artinya lebih banyak kesempatan untuk memperbaiki kualitas dan kuantitas air tanah. Hal ini juga mengurangi tercemarnya air tanah oleh bahan kimia yang ada di permukaan tanah.

7. AIR HUJAN DAN SIKLUS HIODROLOGI • Urbanization dramatically alters the hydrologic cycle • Increases runoff • Increases flooding frequency • Decreases infiltration and groundwater recharge • Nationwide impervious surfaces have increased by 20% in the past 20 years

9. More Trees Means Less RunoffSome Statistics • Fayetteville, Arkansas: increasing tree canopy from 27-40% reduced their storm water runoff by 31% • South Miami residential study found that a 21% existing tree canopy reduces the storm water runoff by 15% Arkansas stormwater runoff reduction valued at $43 million in capital improvement savings (represents $2/ cubic ft cast to contain storm water runoff). For every 5% of tree cover added to a community, storm water is reduced by approximately 2%

10. BAGAIMANA POHON MEMPENGARUHI AIR HUJAN? • Above ground effects: • Interception, evaporation and absorption of precipitation • Ground surface effects: • Temporary storage • Below ground effects: • Infiltration, permeation and filtration

11. BAGAIMANA POHON MEMPENGARUHI AIR HUJAN?

12. EFEK POHON PADA LINGKUNGAN MIKRO DI ATAS TANAH • Intercept rainwater on leaves, branches and trunks – slowing its movement • Evaporation of some of this intercepted precipitation of the tree surfaces The delay of precipitation onto the ground can dampen the peak of runoff amounts from storms which are most intense at their outset, before the storage capacity of the tree canopy is reached. The amounts of the effects on runoff are primarily dependent on season (for deciduous trees), on the leaf area index of a tree and on its density of twigs and branches. The evaporation rate is also crucial in influencing the above-ground effects. This rate is determined by air temperature, humidity and the intensity of solar radiation. With a large amount of leaf-surface area exposed to the sun and wind, water loss from the leaves is high. By slowing the storm water flow, the flow of water is spread over a greater amount of time (time of concentration) and the impact of a storm on the facilities built to handle it at any one time is smaller. Stemflow is a relatively small percentage of total precipitation Absorption of a small portion of rainwater into leaves or stems

13. EFEK POHOIN TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN BAWAH TANAH • Organic material from leaf litter and other tree detritus tends to increase infiltration rates by increasing pore spaces in soil • Organic material also increases the moisture-holding capacity of these sites • Root mats of trees also tend to break up most soils further improving infiltration and moisture-holding capacity

14. EFEK POHOIN TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN BAWAH TANAH • Deep roots tend to improve the rates of percolation of water from upper soil horizons into lower substrates • Trees take up water through their roots that is eventually transpired onto leaf surfaces and evaporated • Tree roots act as natural pollution filters (biofilters) using nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

15. EPA’s Tree Canopy Target Goals • Set to protect a community’s green infrastructure and maximize the environmental benefits • For metropolitan areas east of the Mississippi • Average tree cover for all land use 40% • Suburban residential 50% • Urban residential 25% • Central business districts 15%

16. FAKTOR KOMPLIKASI • Presence of soil compaction • Presence of soil textural discontinuity • Has the site been disturbed in the past? • Management of the ground surface • Is litter layer removed? • Is soil surface exposed in winter? • How much of the surface is like a natural forest? (number and size of trees)

17. PERGERAKAN AIR DALAM TANAH • Forces affecting the energy of soil water • Matric force (absorption and capillary) • Gravity • Osmotic forces • Field Capacity is the amount of water held in the soil after gravitational water had drained away • Movement of water is the soil is controlled : • Gravitational forces if saturated • Matric forces if unsaturated

18. FAKTOR TANAH MEMPENGARUHI INFILTRASI • Infiltration is the mode of entry of all water into the soil • Rate of infiltration determined: • Initial water content • Surface permeability • Internal characteristics of the soil • Intensity and duration of rainfall • Temperature of soil and water

19. FAKTOR TANAH MEMPENGARUHI INFILTRASI • Microrelief under trees provides catchment basins during heavy rains • Removal of litter layer reduces the infiltration rate • Forest soils have a high percentage of macropores • The frost type found in forest soils promotes infiltration year-long Soil compaction reduces the infiltration rate FOTO SMNO 2008

20. PENTINGNYA LAPISAN SERESAH DI PERMUKAAN TANAH • Absorbs several times its own weight • Breaks the impact of raindrops • Prevents agitation of the mineral soil • Discourages formation of surface crusts • Increases soil biotic activity • Increases incorporation of organics • Slows down lateral movement of water The litter layer absorbs several times its own weight of water, breaks the impact of raindrops, prevents agitation of the mineral soil particles and discourages the formations of surface crusts. It also leads to an increase in the organic matter content of the top mineral layer and creates a habitat for many of the soil fauna to feed and hide in which in turn increases the porosity of the soil. The variety, numbers and activity of soil organisms generally is much greater in forest soils than in agricultural soils or in lawns. It also slows down the lateral movement of surface water permitting a longer period for infiltration.

21. Mempengaruhi pori-mikro dalam tanah the Soil • Develop in old root channels or from burrows and tunnels made by insects, worms or other animals • Lead to better soil structure • Increases organic matter incorporation • Increases percolation rates and root penetration

22. Suharto, Edi (2006) THE CAPACITY OF SOILWATER STORAGE ON LAND USE SYSTEM AT LPP TAHURA RAJA LELO BENGKULU. JIPI, 8 (1). pp. 44-49. ISSN 1411-0067 Objective of this study was to measure soil water storage capacity on land use system at LPP TAHURA Raja Lelo Bengkulu. Research was conducted from September 1999 to February 2000 in Laboratory of soil of Agriculture Department, Gadjah Mada University. The Research used sampling design and analysis the physics and chemistry of soils. Land use system was covered by tree crops which high of water storage capacity of soils. Those covered by grasses and scrub will be less. The variable of water storage capacity of soils are rain fall interception by vegetation of land cover, soil depth of root interception, the balanced of soil particle distribution of clays and sands, and the distribution of soil micro pore. Soil water drainage was determined by amount of organic matter in top soils. Therefore, forest and estate land use system covered by tree crops is an effective conventional landscape for soil and water conservation. Diunduh dari: http://repository.unib.ac.id/42/ .

23. Source and fate of water added to a soil system. The proportion of the soil occupied by water and air is referred to as the pore volume. The pore volume is generally constant for a given soil layer but may be altered by tillage and compaction. The ratio of air to water stored in the pores changes as water is added to or lost from the soil. Water is added by rainfall or irrigation. Water is lost through surface runoff, evaporation (direct loss from the soil to the atmosphere), transpiration (losses from plant tissue), and either percolation (seepage into lower layers) or drainage.

24. PENGGUNAAN AIR TANAH DAN PENGISIANNYA DARI PERMUKAAN There is a substantial amount of ground water recharge from surface water and ground water used to irrigate agricultural crops. Some of the irrigation water flowing in unlined ditches and some of the water that is applied to irrigate crops infiltrates into the soil, percolates through the root zone and recharges the ground water basins

25. AIR TANAH = Ground water Ground water occupies the zone of saturation. Ground water moves downward through the soil by percolation and then toward a stream channel or large body of water as seepage. The water table separates the zone of saturation from the zone of aeration. The water table fluctuates with moisture conditions, during wet times the water table will rise as more pore spaces are occupied with water. Ground water is found in aquifers, bodies of earth material that have the ability to hold and transmit water. Aquifers can be either unconfined or confined. Unconfined (open) aquifers are "connected" to the surface above.

26. AQUIFERS REPLENISH THEIR SUPPLY OF WATER VERY SLOWLY. The rate of ground water flow depends on the permeability of the aquifer and the hydraulic gradient. Permeability is affected by the size and connectivity of pore spaces. Larger, better connected pore spaces creates highly permeable earth material. The hydraulic gradient is the difference in elevation between two points on the water table divided by the horizontal distance between them. The rate of ground water flow is expressed by the equation: Ground water flow rate = permeability X hydraulic gradient Groundwater flow rates are usually quite slow. Average ground water flow rate of 15 m per day is common. Highly permeable materials like gravels can have flow velocities of 125 m per day.

27. DIUNDUH DARI: www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textb... Ground water in an aquifer is under pressure called hydrostatic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure in a confined aquifer pushes water upward when a well is drilled into the aquifer. The height to which the water rises is called the peizometeric surface. If the hydrostatic pressure is great enough to push the peizometeric surface above the elevation of the surface, water readily flows out as an artesian well.

28. Following an infiltration event, in which the entire soil profile becomes saturated with water (indicated by a solid vertical line corresponding to a water saturation of 1.0), water will drain from the soil profile primarily under the influence of gravity (i.e., the pressure gradient is negligible). Assuming that no additional water enters the system, the soil water saturation profile at static equilibrium (dashed line) will decrease from a value of 1.0 in the saturated zone (groundwater and capillary fringe) to a value corresponding to field capacity below the root zone. In effect, the soil water profile is analogous to a soil water retention (pressure-saturation) curve. Hence, the solid and dashed lines represent the limits in water content (saturation) between which soil water percolation occurs in soils overlying an unconfined aquifer. www.informaworld.com/smpp/95829679-70617050/c...

29. KONDISI ALAMIAH PENGISIAN AIR TANAH Water is recharged to the ground-water system by percolation of water from precipitation and then flows to the stream through the ground-water system. DIUNDUH DARI: ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwdecline.html

30. PENURUNAN TINGGI MUKA AIR TANAH Water pumped from the ground-water system causes the water table to lower and alters the direction of ground-water movement. Some water that flowed to the stream no longer does so and some water may be drawn in from the stream into the ground-water system, thereby reducing the amount of streamflow. .

31. KUALITAS AIR TANAH Contaminants introduced at the land surface may infiltrate to the water table and flow towards a point of discharge, either the well or the stream. (Not shown, but also important, is the potential movement of contaminants from the stream into the ground-water system.)

32. EFEK AIR TANAH TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN Water-level declines may affect the environment for plants and animals. For example, plants in the riparian zone that grew because of the close proximity of the water table to the land surface may not survive as the depth to water increases. The environment for fish and other aquatic species also may be altered as the stream level drops.

33. DIUNDUH DARI: www.forestry.ubc.ca/.../forwady/forwady.htm

34. Forests and the Hydrologic Cycle The surface water in a stream, lake, or wetland is most commonly precipitation that has run off the land or flowed through topsoils to subsequently enter the waterbody. If a surficial aquifer is present and hydraulically connected to a surface-water body, the aquifer can sustain surface flow by releasing water to it. In general, a heavy rainfall causes a temporary and relatively rapid increase in streamflow due to surface runoff. This increased flow is followed by a relatively slow decline back to baseflow, which is the amount of streamflow derived largely or entirely from groundwater. During long dry spells, streams with a baseflow component will keep flowing, whereas streams relying totally on precipitation will cease flowing. Generally speaking, a natural, expansive forest environment can enhance and sustain relationships in the water cycle because there are less human modifications to interfere with its components. A forested watershed helps moderate storm flows by increasing infiltration and reducing overland runoff. Further, a forest helps sustain streamflow by reducing evaporation (e.g., owing to slightly lower temperatures in shaded areas). Forests can help increase recharge to aquifers by allowing more precipitation to infiltrate the soil, as opposed to rapidly running off the land to a downslope area.

35. Groundwater –Surface Water Flows

36. POHON DAN AIR HUJAN • Trees have a relatively greater effect on smaller storm runoff amounts than on large storm events • Surface and below-ground effects on runoff are much more significant than the above-ground effects • All of the effects on runoff are greatest when urban trees are large and well-established on undisturbed sites

37. DIUNDUH DARI: www.cropscience.org.au/.../1399_shahbazkhan.htm

38. DIUNDUH DARI: www.ene.gov.on.ca/envision/gp/4329e_1.htm

39. DIUNDUH DARI: www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/.../hgiapp15.asp Typical root systems are made up of a combination of four types of roots: major lateral roots sinker roots woody feeder roots non-woody feeder roots.

40. DIAGRAM FUNGSI POHON

41. DIUNDUH DARI: www.dof.virginia.gov/urban/landscape-manual.shtml

42. Menanam Pohon di Lahan Datar Lahan yang datar yang umumnya ditanami biji-bijian, sayuran, dan padi dapat dikombinasikan dengan berbagai macam tanaman pohon. Tanaman pohon akan meningkatkan jumlah produksi dan keragaman tanaman. Tanaman pohon sedikit memerlukan perawatan dan akan tetap bermanfaat walaupun di musim kemarau. Tanaman pepohonan kecil seperti jeruk, pisang, pepaya, cengkeh, dan kacang hijau dapat ditanam bersama dengan tanaman biji-bijian dan sayuran. Pohon dapat memberikan naungan untuk tanaman musiman yang lebih kecil. Pohon juga akan memberikan penghalang untuk mempersulit gerak hama serangga saat berpindah dari tanaman satu ke tanaman lainnya. Tanam pula legum, tanaman ini memiliki manfaat yang sangat banyak. Manfaat lain dari kombinasi pohon dengan tanaman biji-bijian dan sayuran adalah tanaman kecil bisa dipanen lebih awal sementara menunggu pohon yang besar tumbuh dan menghasilkan. Diunduh dari: .

44. DIUNDUH DARI: www.forestry.ubc.ca/.../forwady/forwady.htm

46. www.icsu-scope.org/.../scope51/chapter06.html A model illustrating fluxes of sulphur in a forest ecosystem

47. Schematic illustration of the biogeochemical processes of importance in long-term research of a watershed (Swank, 1986).

48. DIUNDUH DARI: www.aracruz.com.br/show.do?menu=true&id=943... Diunduh dari:

49. Diunduh dari: sofia.usgs.gov/publications/posters/challenge/

50. EFFECT OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON SOIL WATER STORAGE IN THE AEOLIAN SANDY LAND OF NORTHEAST CHINA Wenju Liang , Xia Wu ;  Shixiu Zhang ;  Yuehua Xing ;  Ren Wang Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE), 2011 International Conference on. Date of Conference: 16-18 Sept. 2011 Organic amendments such as crop residues and animal manures play an important role in improving soil quality. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of corn straw retention and chicken manure on soil water storage in the aeolian sandy land of Northwest Liaoning province, China. After four-year observation, the results showed that corn straw in combination with chemical fertilizer (SR) treatment significantly increased soil water content in the plow layer, decreased soil bulk density in the plow pan, and obviously enhanced plant available water storage capacity in the plow pan. The chicken manure in combination with chemical fertilizer (CM) treatment significantly increased soil water content and organic matter content in the plow layer. Our experiment indicates that corn straw retention combined with chemical fertilizers may improve soil water storage capacity in the short-term study. Diunduh dari: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=6058457&contentType=Conference+Publications .