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Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation

24. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation. A(n) __________ nutrient is one that the body cannot synthesize rapidly enough to be useful. regulatory essential endemic caloric. A(n) __________ nutrient is one that the body cannot synthesize rapidly enough to be useful.

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Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation

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  1. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation

  2. A(n) __________ nutrient is one that the body cannot synthesize rapidly enough to be useful. • regulatory • essential • endemic • caloric

  3. A(n) __________ nutrient is one that the body cannot synthesize rapidly enough to be useful. • regulatory • essential • endemic • caloric

  4. What is a good source of unsaturated fats? • Nuts • Meats • Margarine • Dairy

  5. What is a good source of unsaturated fats? • Nuts • Meats • Margarine • Dairy

  6. It is possible for vegetarians to obtain complete proteins by combining __________ and __________. • bread; vitamins • fats; pasta • legumes; cereal grains • milk; sugar

  7. It is possible for vegetarians to obtain complete proteins by combining __________ and __________. • bread; vitamins • fats; pasta • legumes; cereal grains • milk; sugar

  8. The major metabolic function for most vitamins is that they assist enzymes by serving as __________. • sources of ATP • active sites • substrates • coenzymes

  9. The major metabolic function for most vitamins is that they assist enzymes by serving as __________. • sources of ATP • active sites • substrates • coenzymes

  10. Which of the following minerals is required in moderate amounts (>200 mg per day)? • Iron • Magnesium • Iodine • Fluorine

  11. Which of the following minerals is required in moderate amounts (>200 mg per day)? • Iron • Magnesium • Iodine • Fluorine

  12. In general metabolic terms, food digestion is a form of __________, while building new protein molecules is a form of __________. • metabolism; cellular respiration • anabolism; catabolism • cellular respiration; metabolism • catabolism; anabolism

  13. In general metabolic terms, food digestion is a form of __________, while building new protein molecules is a form of __________. • metabolism; cellular respiration • anabolism; catabolism • cellular respiration; metabolism • catabolism; anabolism

  14. ATP produced during the Krebs cycle is formed by what mechanism? • Substrate-level phosphorylation • Deamination • Oxidative phosphorylation • Photophosphorylation

  15. ATP produced during the Krebs cycle is formed by what mechanism? • Substrate-level phosphorylation • Deamination • Oxidative phosphorylation • Photophosphorylation

  16. What is the true function of molecular oxygen acquired by the lungs? • O2 catalyzes the breaking of bonds in the glucose molecule. • O2 catalyzes the synthesis of ATP. • O2 serves as the final electron acceptor for the oxidation of food molecules. • O2 drives energy-dependent processes in our cells.

  17. What is the true function of molecular oxygen acquired by the lungs? • O2 catalyzes the breaking of bonds in the glucose molecule. • O2 catalyzes the synthesis of ATP. • O2 serves as the final electron acceptor for the oxidation of food molecules. • O2 drives energy-dependent processes in our cells.

  18. Predict what would happen to ATP production if a virus pierced holes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. • ATP production would be unchanged because the actual enzymes would not be affected. • ATP production would increase 10 times because more H+ could flow back into the matrix. • ATP production would decrease because a hydrogen ion gradient could not be established. • ATP production would decrease because the virus destroyed the ATP synthase enzymes.

  19. Predict what would happen to ATP production if a virus pierced holes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. • ATP production would be unchanged because the actual enzymes would not be affected. • ATP production would increase 10 times because more H+ could flow back into the matrix. • ATP production would decrease because a hydrogen ion gradient could not be established. • ATP production would decrease because the virus destroyed the ATP synthase enzymes.

  20. Which of the following processes is likely to occur in the skeletal muscle cells during sprinting? • Glycolysis • Oxidative phosphorylation • The Krebs cycle • Lactic acid oxidation to pyruvic acid

  21. Which of the following processes is likely to occur in the skeletal muscle cells during sprinting? • Glycolysis • Oxidative phosphorylation • The Krebs cycle • Lactic acid oxidation to pyruvic acid

  22. Why don’t the electrons carried by NADH in the cytosol generate as many ATP as the electrons carried by NADH in the mitochondrial matrix? • There aren’t as many electrons in the cytosol. • The cytosolic electrons must be shuttled to the matrix at a loss of energy. • The cytosolic electrons are transported to a different ATP synthase that is less efficient. • They are smaller electrons.

  23. Why don’t the electrons carried by NADH in the cytosol generate as many ATP as the electrons carried by NADH in the mitochondrial matrix? • There aren’t as many electrons in the cytosol. • The cytosolic electrons must be shuttled to the matrix at a loss of energy. • The cytosolic electrons are transported to a different ATP synthase that is less efficient. • They are smaller electrons.

  24. The process whereby excess glucose is stored in cells is called __________. • glycogenesis • glycogenolysis • gluconeogenesis • glycolysis

  25. The process whereby excess glucose is stored in cells is called __________. • glycogenesis • glycogenolysis • gluconeogenesis • glycolysis

  26. Why isn’t it sufficient to reduce only dietary fat intake to prevent new fatty deposits from forming in the body? • Because ketone bodies form when fat intake is insufficient. • Acetyl CoA is a starting point for fatty acid synthesis. • Because muscle gets converted to fat. • Because cholesterol gets converted to fat.

  27. Why isn’t it sufficient to reduce only dietary fat intake to prevent new fatty deposits from forming in the body? • Because ketone bodies form when fat intake is insufficient. • Acetyl CoA is a starting point for fatty acid synthesis. • Because muscle gets converted to fat. • Because cholesterol gets converted to fat.

  28. Which of the following molecules is produced in the process of detoxifying harmful ammonia? • Alpha-ketoglutaric acid • Amine • Urea • Keto acids

  29. Which of the following molecules is produced in the process of detoxifying harmful ammonia? • Alpha-ketoglutaric acid • Amine • Urea • Keto acids

  30. What is the primary process by which insulin is released after a meal is ingested? • Insulin is secreted in direct response to blood glucose. • The brain sends a hormone to the pancreas to stimulate insulin release. • Insulin release is constant. • The vagus nerve innervates the pancreas and upon food ingestion fires action potentials that stimulate insulin secretion.

  31. What is the primary process by which insulin is released after a meal is ingested? • Insulin is secreted in direct response to blood glucose. • The brain sends a hormone to the pancreas to stimulate insulin release. • Insulin release is constant. • The vagus nerve innervates the pancreas and upon food ingestion fires action potentials that stimulate insulin secretion.

  32. What is the primary objective during the postabsorptive state? • To collect and remove glucose from the blood and deposit it in cells • To convert fat to protein • To maintain blood glucose at around 70–110 mg/100 ml of blood • To elevate blood glucose to the highest possible level to ensure adequate delivery to the brain

  33. What is the primary objective during the postabsorptive state? • To collect and remove glucose from the blood and deposit it in cells • To convert fat to protein • To maintain blood glucose at around 70–110 mg/100 ml of blood • To elevate blood glucose to the highest possible level to ensure adequate delivery to the brain

  34. Where are the two primary sources of glucose during the postabsorptive state? • Greater omentum and subcutaneous layer • Stomach and intestine • Liver and skeletal muscle • Brain and skin

  35. Where are the two primary sources of glucose during the postabsorptive state? • Greater omentum and subcutaneous layer • Stomach and intestine • Liver and skeletal muscle • Brain and skin

  36. Hyperglycemic hormones include glucagon and __________. • insulin • epinephrine • GIP • aldosterone

  37. Hyperglycemic hormones include glucagon and __________. • insulin • epinephrine • GIP • aldosterone

  38. About __________ of the body’s required cholesterol is dietary. • 50% • 85% • 15% • 100%

  39. About __________ of the body’s required cholesterol is dietary. • 50% • 85% • 15% • 100%

  40. Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered “good”? • The cholesterol transported by HDLs is destined for destruction. • HDLs transport cholesterol to the peripheral tissues for biosynthesis of steroid hormones. • HDLs transport cholesterol to adipose tissue. • HDLs are actually considered “bad” cholesterol.

  41. Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered “good”? • The cholesterol transported by HDLs is destined for destruction. • HDLs transport cholesterol to the peripheral tissues for biosynthesis of steroid hormones. • HDLs transport cholesterol to adipose tissue. • HDLs are actually considered “bad” cholesterol.

  42. Heat is produced internally by __________. • friction between body parts • breaking of bonds within ATP • muscle contraction • all of the above

  43. Heat is produced internally by __________. • friction between body parts • breaking of bonds within ATP • muscle contraction • all of the above

  44. Which of the following structures is responsible for feeding behavior? • pituitary • medulla • pons • hypothalamus

  45. Which of the following structures is responsible for feeding behavior? • pituitary • medulla • pons • hypothalamus

  46. Which of the following factors is responsible for regulation of food intake? • Hormones such as leptin or NPY • Body temperature • Psychological factors • All of the above

  47. Which of the following factors is responsible for regulation of food intake? • Hormones such as leptin or NPY • Body temperature • Psychological factors • All of the above

  48. The basal metabolic rate can most effectively be defined as the __________. • lowest point of energy used by the body • amount of energy needed to maintain life • maximal energy used by the body • energy required to digest a meal

  49. The basal metabolic rate can most effectively be defined as the __________. • lowest point of energy used by the body • amount of energy needed to maintain life • maximal energy used by the body • energy required to digest a meal

  50. Which of the following has the greatest effect on the BMR? • Body surface area • Muscle mass • Fitness level • Gender

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