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Trilingual Education. Daniela Puga. Purpose of this Study. To evaluate the effectiveness of teaching an L2 and L3 simultaneously vs. sequentially in various education systems. Simultaneous. Cognitive Advantages Performance on English tests Content based instruction. Examples.
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Trilingual Education Daniela Puga
Purpose of this Study To evaluate the effectiveness of teaching an L2 and L3 simultaneously vs. sequentially in various education systems.
Simultaneous • Cognitive Advantages • Performance on English tests • Content based instruction
Examples • Philippines • English • Filipino • Ilokano • Spanish • Brunei Darussalam • Indigenous language • English • Bahasa Malay • Luxembourg • Luxembourger • German • French
Sequential • More focus on the L1 • Cultural benefits • May enhance the development of language learning strategies
Examples • Basque Country • Basque • Spanish • English • Guatemala • Various Mayan languages • Spanish • English • Namibia • Local languages • English • German, French or Latin
Luxembourg • Monolingual by birth • Luxembourger is medium of instruction Kindergarten and first year • Germangrades 1-6 • French is introduced in grade 2
European SchoolBrussels • Emphasis on L1 • Emphasis on multiculturalism and multilingualism. • Kindergarten: L1 is medium of instruction for most of primary education • L2 is taught as a subject from grades 1-5 • Secondary School • L1 & L2 • Grade 8—L3 is introduced
Canadian multilingual schools • English, French, Hebrew • English is native language • Great Jewish community • Delayed second language instruction • Double immersion
Canada cont. • Early Double immersion: all curricular instruction from K-3 or 4 is in French and Hebrew. No English • In Delayed double immersion: English along with French and Hebrew were used for curriculum instruction from the beginning of schooling
Achievement sores on three standardized tests for Luxembourg, the European School, and Canada immersion pupils.French as L2
Results • Diverging programs can attain comparable results. • BaetensBeardsmore: even complex language learning environments can cope with bilingualism in education • No single model. • Success stories like Canadian immersion take blue-print in circumstances where they do not satisfy local needs. • In most cases simultaneous instruction is as effective as sequential instruction
Future Works • Teacher Qualifications • Native Speaking Instructors • Application to the US?