Can scientists and policy-makers work together?

1. 1 Can scientists and policy-makers work together? Bernard Choi, PhD Bernard.Choi@phac-aspc.gc.ca Senior Research Scientist, PHAC Adjunct Professor, University of Ottawa Invited Presentation for Panel Discussion, Carleton University, February 2, 2012

2. Evidence based Policy • In theory, ‘‘evidence based policy making’’ should work well. • Scientists produce evidence, which policy makers then use for decisions. In return, policy makers provide scientists with evidence requirements and resources for research. • EvidencePolicy

4. Source:Choi BCK, Pang T, Lin V, Puska P, Sherman G, Goddard M, Ackland MJ, Sainsbury P, Stachenko S, Morrison H, Clottey C, 2005. Can scientists and policy-makers work together? Jounal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59: 632-637

6. There are success stories of scientists and policy makers working together • Knowledge brokerage • Doing science within government • Grant funding requiring dissemination strategies • One-page policy briefs

8. Table 1 Facilitators and barriers to use of research by policy makers, identified in a systematic review of 24 interview studies Facilitators Number of studies Personal contact between scientists and policy makers 13 Timeliness and relevance of the research 13 Research that includes a summary with clear recommendations 11 Research that confirms current policy or endorses self interest 6 Good quality research 6 Community pressure or client demand for research 4 Inclusion of effectiveness data 3 Total studies 24 Barriers Number of studies Absence of personal contact between scientists and policy makers 11 Lack of timeliness and relevance of research 9 Mutual mistrust between scientists and policy makers 8 Power and budget struggles 7 Poor quality of research 6 Political instability or high turnover of policy making staff 5 Total studies 24 Source: Innvaer S, Vist G, Trommald M, et al. Health policy makers’ perceptions of their use of evidence: a systematic review. J Health Serv Res Policy 2002;7:239–44

9. Questions 1. Should there be incentives for scientists or policy makers if they take the initiative to build a dialogue with their counterparts? 2. Should there be knowledge brokers to go between scientists and policy makers? 3. Should there be organisational capacity-building interventions?

10. Questions 4. Should research be defined far more broadly than the biomedical community conventionally believes? 5. Should the knowledge transfer starting point be re-defined? Do most of the current ‘‘research to policy’’ efforts focus on the wrong ‘‘starting point’’ (i.e. researchers)? 6. Should the accountability to peer reviewed journal editors extend to policy makers in the government sector?

11. Questions 7. Should it be recognised that scientists and policy makers are not equal partners, and therefore additional work must be done to promote their dialogue? 8. Should it be acknowledged that it is too simplistic to think that policy making could ever be purely or perhaps even largely based on scientific evidence?

12. Further Reading 1. Choi BCK, McQueen DV, Rootman I, 2003. Bridging the gap between scientists and decision makers. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57:918. 2. Choi BCK, 2004. Public health practitioners can learn from the weather forecasters. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58: 450. 3. Choi BCK, Orlova A, Issa N, Marsh M, Morrison H, 2004. Two information dissemination approaches for public health decision makers: Encyclopaedia and fire alarm. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58: 634. 4. Choi BCK, 2004. Modulated release of health risk information to the general public with the use of mnemonics. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58: 809. 5. Choi BCK, Pak AWP, Choi JCL, Choi ECL, 2004. Health proverbs. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58: 1010. 6. Choi BCK, 2005. Understanding the basic principles of knowledge translation. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59: 93. 7. Choi BCK, Corber SJ, McQueen DV, Bonita R, Zevallos JC, Douglas KA, Barceló A, Gonzalez M, Robles S, Stachenko S, Hall M, Champagne BM, Lindner MC, de Salazar LM, Granero R, Soto de Laurido LE, Lum W, Torres RE, Warren CW, Mokdad AH, 2005. Enhancing regional capacity in chronic disease surveillance in the Americas. Pan American Journal of Public Health 17: 130-141. 8. Choi BCK, 2005 Innovative ideas needed for timely and effective public health information dissemination. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59: 259. • Choi BCK, Pang T, Lin V, Puska P, Sherman G, Goddard M, Ackland MJ, Sainsbury P, Stachenko S, Morrison H, Clottey C, 2005. Can scientists and policy-makers work together? Jounal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59: 632-637 10. Choi BCK, 2005. Twelve essentials of science-based policy. Preventing Chronic Diseases [serial online] Vol 2 (No 4) 2005 Oct

13. Further Reading 11. Choi BCK, Pak AWP, 2006. Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in health research, services, education and policy: 1. Definitions, objectives, and evidence of effectiveness. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 29: 351-364. 12. Choi BCK, Morrison H, Wong T, Wu J, Yan Y-P, 2007. Bringing chronic disease epidemiology and infectious disease epidemiology back together. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61: 832. 13. Choi BCK, Pak AWP, 2007. Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in health research, services, education and policy: 2. Promotors, barriers, and strategies of enhancement. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 30: E224-E232. 14. Choi BCK, Pak AWP, 2008. Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in health research, services, education and policy: 3. Discipline, inter-discipline distance, and selection of discipline. Clinical and Investigative Medicine 31: E41-E48. 15. Choi BCK, McQueen DV, Puska P, Douglas KA, Ackland M, Campostrini S, Barceló A, Stachenko S, Mokdad AH, Granero R, Corber SJ, Valleron A-J, Skinner HA, Potemkina R, Lindner MC, Zakus D, de Salazar LM, Pak AWP, Ansari Z, Zevallos JC, Gonzalez M, Flahault A, Torres RE, 2008. Enhancing global capacity in the surveillance, prevention, and control of chronic diseases: Seven themes to consider and build upon. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 62: 391-397. 16. Tang K-C, Choi BCK, Beagle R, 2008. Grading of evidence of the effectiveness of health promotion interventions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62: 832-834. 17. Choi BCK, 2008. Understanding the basic principles of programme evaluation. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62: 946. 18. Choi BCK, Gupta A, Ward B, 2009. Good thinking: Six ways to bridge the gap between scientists and policy makers. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 63: 179-180.