WELCOME TO BIOLOGY 112!

1. WELCOME TO BIOLOGY 112! • Biology is about making observations of living things • What observations can you make about this cartoon?

2. Resources on my web site: • Admin: • Pass out outline of notes and syllabus • Go over syllabus • Lectures Outlines/notes • Homework/extra credit assignments • Review Materials, Objectives • Syllabus (link on main lecture page) • Prelabs are also on my lab web site.

3. This Class is HARD! Don’t procrastinate Try to study every night Details matter You’ll need to know all this stuff for micro & A&P Ask me if you have questions

4. General Info FOOD: ok in lecture room (as long as it’s quiet); NONE allowed in lab PHONES: please turn it off; if you need to make / take a call, be respectful and go outside. Penalty if it rings a 2nd time! IN GENERAL: be respectful of everyone in the class

5. Chapter 1: Why Study Biology? • Biology: scientific study of life • Important to study and understand life in a scientific way • Awareness and appreciation of life • Important in decisions of life • Issues dealing with biology arise daily

6. Characteristics of Life • What things in this picture are living? • What things are non-living?

7. Characteristics of Life Bacteria Is it living?

8. Characteristics of all living things What are some characteristics that are shared by all living things but NOT by non-living things?

9. Characteristics of all living things • CELLULAR ORGANIZATION • METABOLISM • HOMEOSTASIS • GROWTH • REPRODUCTION • HEREDITY • EVOLUTION • Today and through the term, we’ll be discussing these properties of life

10. 1 - CELLULAR ORGANIZATION • Living things are composed of CELLS • Self-contained living units • Unicellular (single cell) • Multicellular (many cells)

11. Cells/organisms are highly Organized Complex function Organization is required for function Even bacteria have organization Humans have organ and tissue systems 11

12. Characteristics of life • MetabolismAll the chemical reactions involving the energy and materials acquired and converted to another form by an organism. • Living Things Acquire/Use Materials and Energy from their Environment and Convert them into useful products.

13. 2 - METABOLISM Collect energy from their environment and use it to grow and develop Energy of sunlight – Photosynthesis Energy from other living organisms – Cellular Respiration 13

14. Metabolism examples PHOTOSYNTHESIS MOVEMENT 14

15. Thru Metabolism Life Responds to the Environment • Energy gives the organism the ability to respond to environmental stimuli • This response involves metabolism • Many organisms have multiple senses • Smell, hear, taste, touch, and see 15

16. Response to Environment • Senses often different than a human’s • Ultraviolet/infrared light • Electrical/ultrasonic fields • Magnetic fields 16

17. Response to Environment • Senses often different than a human’s • Detection of chemicals (flies/insects) • This response involves metabolism and may change the metabolism of the cell 17

18. Characteristics of life • HomeostasisLife Actively Maintains its Structure and its Internal Environment. • Organisms respond to env changes to keep their internal operating conditions within tolerable limits, else they …

19. 3 - HOMEOSTASIS Ability of an organism to keep internal environment of cell or organism relatively constant compared to outside environment 19

20. HOMEOSTASIS Uses Regulation to keep the internal environment of cell or organism relatively constant compared to outside environment Regulation and homeostasis are very similar 20

21. Regulation Done in various ways. Example, we keep our internal environment relatively constant in our glucose levels by either releasing or storing glucose. 21

22. -Regulation PLANT CARBON DIOXIDE - STOMATA ANIMAL TEMPERATURE - BEHAVIORS 22

23. 4 - Growth and Development DNA as a blueprint Organisms grow and propagate themselves Organisms develop and grow in complexity 23

24. Growth and Development (3) Living things grow and develop 24

25. 5 - Reproduction Living organisms reproduce or replicate themselves 25

26. Reproduction EGG AND SPERM POLLEN, FLOWERS, SEEDS 26

27. 6 - Heredity Genetic material (DNA) is passed from parents to offspring 27

28. 7 - Evolve Mistakes are made in replicating DNA Causing the characteristics of a population to change 28

29. Living Things Grow, Reproduce Using DNA (Heredity) and have the Capacity to Change & Evolve Last 4 Characteristics of life: • DNA -deoxyribonucleic acid ... molecule encoding for life.  DNA is inherited ... offspring from its parent(s).  • DNA ... instructions for all traits, proteins and RNA. Errors occur in replicating DNA overtime • Life has been around for 3.8 billion years ... lot of time for new variants t.... and better use their environment. • Evolution is a change in a population over time occurring mainly from mutation and natural selection.  These changes ... DNA.

30. In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level • Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology • Life emerges through organization of various levels • Each level is built from one or more lower levels • With addition of each new level, novel properties emerge

31. Biosphere Life’s Hierarchy Ecosystem Community Population Organism Brown pelican Organ system Organ Tissue Atom Nucleus Cell Organelle Molecule

32. Life’s Hierarchy Biosphere Ecosystem Florida coast Community All organisms on the Florida coast Population Group of brown pelicans Organism Brown pelican

33. Life’s Hierarchy Organism Brown pelican Spinal cord Organ system Nervous system Brain Organ Brain Nerve Tissue Nervous tissue Atom Cell Nerve cell Nucleus Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA

34. Organization of Life • Atoms • Smallest unit of elements* • Molecules • Smallest unit of compounds* • Cells • Smallest unit of life • Populations • The unit that changes with time * Will be discussed in chemistry

35. Species vs Population Population –cats in an area Species –all kitty cats

36. What’s a species? • A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

37. Why “fertile offspring”? • The mule • horse-donkey hybrid • Cannot breed

38. Levels of Classification • Scientists way of making sense of over 1.8 million different types of organisms • Group similar organisms into ever bigger groups

39. Levels of Linnaean Hierarchy • Seven levels • Add Domains for eight

40. Levels of Classification How do we classify all these organisms?

41. Levels of Classification Single-celled prokaryotes Single-celled prokaryotes Single- or multi-celled eukaryotes How do we classify all these organisms?

42. Classification: The Tree of Life The Tree of Life is based on DNA sequence similarity

43. Evolve vs Grow • EVOLVE: Species change over generations • GROW: Individuals change over organism’s lifespan

44. Father of Evolution

45. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection • Individuals in a population vary in their traits

46. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection • Individuals in a population vary in their traits • More offspring are produced than the environment can support

47. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection • Individuals in a population vary in their traits • More offspring are produced than the environment can support • Better-suited individuals reproduce more

48. Natural Selection Overview Natural selection occurs as heritable variation responds to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others

49. Current Example of Evolution – Multidrug-resistant Bacteria EvolvedR to Penicillin obtained from a Mold Staphylococcus

50. Biological Diversity Theory of Evolution explains the diversity seen in the natural world