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LEARNING

LEARNING. A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience (Meyers) Behavioral learning focuses on the learned behavior& the idea that if a stimulus is manipulated in the learners environment, one can change behavior

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LEARNING

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  1. LEARNING • A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience (Meyers) • Behavioral learning focuses on the learned behavior& the idea that if a stimulus is manipulated in the learners environment, one can change behavior • Humans have the quality of ADAPTABILITY: the ability to learn new behaviors that enable us to cope with changing circumstances This is central to PSYCHOLOGY because our behavior, in large part, is due to what we LEARN

  2. Conditioning • Ivan Pavlov 1904 – dog experiments • John B. Watson – found that emotions can be classically conditioned (Little Albert 1920) • Both are from the behaviorist school of psychology • What is physical conditioning? • Can you generalize from your response to create a working definition of conditioning?

  3. What is classical conditioning? • ONE of the ways in which we learn • Happens in both animals and humans • The idea that we learn by making associations • CC is specifically the association of two stimuli which then creates a response

  4. Pavlov’s Dogs Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) a.k.a Food Unconditioned Response (UCR) a.k.a. Salivation But with conditioning…. Conditioned Stimulus aka Bell (CS) + UCS=UCR (BELL) + (FOOD) = (SALIVATION) Now take away the food and…. CS(BELL) = CR (SALIVATION) The dog has been conditioned to salivate when he hears a bell

  5. How does time affect Classical Conditioning? • Research finds that the two stimuli have to be quite close to each other (with respect to time) in order for the association to be made AND the CS has to come first! • EXTINCTION happens when the CS stops having the CR - the response becomes “unlearned” (or does it?). Generally this is because the CS is not given with the UCS for a long period of time • SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY occurs when the CS is randomly presented and the CR occurs I.e. Mangoes…..Africa

  6. How does this process take place? • ACQUISITION is the initial phase when a learner establishes the conditioned response. (In operant conditioning it is the strengthening of this response.) • Does the learning occur only in response to the specific CS? • Not necessarily – GENERALIZATON occurs when similar CS can create a CR. For example, if the CS is a rat, and it is paired with a loud noise(UCS) which then creates fear (UCR + CR), then it is possible that a mouse, or a hamster will also cause fear (CR)

  7. How is OPERANT CONDITIONING different from CLASSICAL CONDITIONING?

  8. OPERANT CONDITIONING • Association is created between a stimuli and a response. (instead of 2 stimuli) • A type of learning in which the behavior (and its frequency) depends on the consequence that follows the behavior • B.F. Skinner – he created a “Skinner Box” with a rat and a bar which releases food • He based his experiments on Thorndike’s “Law of Effect” – that we continue to do things that give us a positive reward • Skinner was able to teach pigeons to do figure 8’s and rats to feed themselves

  9. WHAT ARE THE UNDERLYING IDEAS? • REINFORCMENT: any consequence that strengthens behavior • Positive reinforcement is a consequence that encourages behavior • Negative reinforcement is the removal of a punishment (thus encouraging behavior) • PUNISHMENT: the application of a consequence that stops behavior • All of the above work to SHAPE behavior

  10. Uses,Implications, & Updates • Conclusion: External influences affect behavior • Operant conditioning should be used in schools, homes, prisons • Psychologists have learned that different animals are predisposed to learn different things based on our biology (Darwinism). Ie. It is easier to condition someone to fearing snakes than flowers • Conditioning is strictly behavioral – what about cognition here? Should we ignore it? Skinner and Pavlov did! • Expectancy of responses suggests that there’s cognition taking place in conditioning • Problem comes from over-justification (rewards when they aren’t necessary)

  11. More Definitions…Reinforcement Schedules • Fixed Ratio • Variable Ratio • Fixed Interval • Variable Interval • EXAMPLES?????? • Which reinforcement schedules seem to work best? Why? • Variable reinforcement schedules tend to work best because the operant will continue the behavior in hopes of landing the desired reward on the next try. (busy phone) • Fixed reinforcement schedules tend to increase behavior more dramatically just before the reward – the behavior “dips”

  12. Other…. • Transfer is the ability to use learned behavior in different settings • Positive transfer happens when learned behavior helps you learn in other settings • Negative transfer is when learned behavior makes it harder to learn in other situations • Things that encourage learning • Reinforcement • Feedback • Practice

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