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Objectives

The students will explain how geography impacted civilizations in Mesopotamia. The students will identify the key developments of ancient Egyptian civilization. Complete Warm ups Read/Discuss Ch 2 Sections 1&2 Complete Section 1&2 Study Guides Complete Hammurabi Cause/Effect Activity.

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Objectives

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  1. The students will explain how geography impacted civilizations in Mesopotamia. The students will identify the key developments of ancient Egyptian civilization. Complete Warm ups Read/Discuss Ch 2 Sections 1&2 Complete Section 1&2 Study Guides Complete Hammurabi Cause/Effect Activity Objectives

  2. LAND BETWEEN TWO RIVERS”

  3. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- DEFINITIONS • CITY STATES- self-governing unit made up of a city and its surrounding villages and farmland.

  4. ANCIENTMESOPOTAMIA-GEOGRAPHY • LOCATED BETWEEN THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES RIVERS • BOTH RIVERS FLOW INTO THE PERSIAN GULF • LOCATED IN PRESENT DAY IRAQ

  5. Fertile Crescent

  6. Mesopotamia

  7. POSITIVE abundant amount of clay easy till-able soil water supply from Tigris-Euphrates Rivers NEGATIVE few natural resources minimal protection from deserts and mountains ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- GEOGRAPHY

  8. City-States

  9. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION • BELIEVED TO BE SETTLED CA. 3000 B.C. • DIVIDED INTO CITY-STATES • HELPED TO DEVELOP THE FIRST FORM OF ORGANIZED RELIGION • CREATED ONE OF THE EARLIEST FORM OF WRITING

  10. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- SUMERIAN CITY-STATES • ALWAYS IN CONSTANT CONFLICT OVER WATER RIGHTS AND LAND • CREATED WALLS FOR PROTECTION, WITH MOATS ALONG THE OUTSIDE • FARMS WERE LOCATED ALONG THE OUTSIDE OF THE CITY

  11. Sumerians invented: • Wheel • Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute • 12 month lunar calendar • arch • ramp

  12. Religion

  13. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- SUMERIAN RELIGION • Ziggurats: pyramid site of the temple of the main gods. • Each city-state had their own gods and goddesses • Sun god – most important. • Life after death was an extension of life.

  14. Ziggurat – Holy Mountain

  15. Ziggurat • Large pyramid shaped structures • Connected to heaven and earth • Ziggurat: “center for learning and religion”

  16. How to Build a Ziggurat How to Build a Ziggurat

  17. Sumerian Religion • Monotheism: worshiping one god. • “Mono” – means one • Polytheism: worshiping many gods. • “Poly” – means many

  18. Writing:Cuneiform

  19. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- SUMERIAN WRITING • CALLED CUNEIFORM (LATIN FOR WEDGE) • WRITTEN ON CLAY TABLETS • NEEDED FOR RELIGION, GOVERNMENT, AND TRADE • LEARNED IN SCHOOL, BY MALES THAT LASTED FROM SUNRISE TO SUNSET

  20. Sumerian Writing: cuneiform Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus into a clay tablet.

  21. Cuneiform

  22. Economy

  23. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- SUMERIAN ECONOMY • Make, sell or barter goods. • Trade helped expansion. • Development of money • Will evolve over time.

  24. RICH government officials religious leaders traders POOR Farmers craftsman ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- SUMERIAN ECONOMY

  25. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- SUMERIAN PASTIMES • Entertainment • No longer had to hunt and gather. • More time for fun times. • Rich had more time than poor. • Activities: • BOARD GAMES • INSTRUMENTS • BARE FISTED BOXING • Activities geared toward young and used for socializing.

  26. The invention of Agriculture changed the way people lived. • Agriculture (Farming) • Growth of Cities • Division of Labor (Specialization) • Trade • Writing and Mathematics

  27. Persians Akkadians Babylonians Sumeria Hittites Mesopotamian Civilization Chaldeans Lydians Phoenicians Assyrians

  28. Hittites • Iron Weapons • Add to your map the location: • Hittites • Assyrians • Akkadians

  29. Assyrians • Chief god Assur • Chariots used • First Cavalry

  30. Akkadians • Spoke a Semitic Language related to modern Hebrew and Arabic When heaven above was not yet named, nor earth below pronounced by name, Apsu, the first one, their begetter and maker Tiamat, who bore them all, had mixed their waters together, but had not formed pastures, nor discovered reed-beds. When yet no gods were manifest, nor names pronounced, nor destinies decreed, then gods were born within them.

  31. Babylonians • Chief god: Marduk • Prayed for good harvest and success in business. • King Hammurabi • Hammurabi’s Code • Earliest code of law • Based on equal retaliation.

  32. Hammurabi’s Code • 282 laws. • Harsh punishment for crimes. • Based on equal retaliation. • “ If a man bring an accusation against a man and charge him with a capital crime, but cannot prove it, the accuser, shall be put to death” • “If the slave of a freed man strike the body of a freed man, his ear shall be cut off” • Laws were varied for the wealthy and powerful.

  33. What do you think? • “ If a man bring an accusation against a man and charge him with a capital crime, but cannot prove it, the accuser, shall be put to death” • “If the slave of a freed man strike the body of a freed man, his ear shall be cut off” • If a man strike a free-born woman so that she lose her unborn child, he shall pay ten shekels for her loss. • “If the woman die, his daughter shall be put to death.

  34. Chaldeans • Skilled astronomers • Hanging Gardens of Babylon • King Nebuchadnezzar built them for his wife • One of the Ancient Wonders of the World http://www.crystalinks.com/seven.html

  35. Persians • Present day Iran • Spoke an Indo-European Language • Zoroastrianism • Belief in final judgment and training for it

  36. Phoenicians • Major natural resource: lumber from cedar forests. • Invented the art of glassblowing. • Alphabet • Then adopted by Greeks. • Then adopted by Romans • Please label Phoenicia on your map.

  37. Lydians • First to use a money economy. • An economic system based in the use of money as a measure of value and a unit of account.

  38. Warm ups • What were the basic units of Sumerian civilization? • Define patriarchal • Sumerian city-states contained what three major social groups?

  39. Ch 2 Section 1 • 1 cuneiform writing • 2 wagon wheel • 3 potters wheel • 4 sundial • 5 arch/dome • 6 they were the first to make bronze out of copper and tin

  40. 7. Where was Mesopotamia located?At the eastern end of the fertile Crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

  41. 8. Which people had the most power in the Sumerian city-states? The kings, priests and priestesses (nobles)

  42. 9. What two empires gained control of the Sumerian city states? The Akkadians-ruled by Sargon and the Babylonians ruled by Hammurabi.

  43. 10. What principle was the basis for many of the laws in Hammurabi’s code? Retribution-an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth

  44. 11. Why did the people of Mesopotamia believe that supernatural forces controlled their world? Due to the harsh climate-floods were unpredictable, there were heavy rains, famines and scorching winds. The people knew that they could not control these things so they believed that supernatural forces ruled their worlds.

  45. Ch 2 Section 2-Old Kingdom • 1 A bureaucracy developed to help the pharaohs rule, pyramids were built, mummification was used to preserve the dead and the Great Pyramid was built in 2540 B.C.

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