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Noreen Chapter 11

Standard Costs 标准成本和平衡计分卡. Noreen Chapter 11. Standard Costs 标准成本. Standards are benchmarks or “norms” for measuring performance. Two types of standards are commonly used. 标准是衡量绩效的基准或规则。 通常有两种标准。.

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Noreen Chapter 11

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  1. Standard Costs 标准成本和平衡计分卡 Noreen Chapter 11

  2. Standard Costs标准成本 Standards are benchmarks or “norms”for measuring performance. Two typesof standards are commonly used. 标准是衡量绩效的基准或规则。 通常有两种标准。 Quantity standardsspecify how much of aninput should be used tomake a product orprovide a service. 数量标准规定需要多少投入 来制造产品或提供服务 Cost (price)standards specify how much should be paid for each unitof the input. 成本（价格）标准规定对一个 单位的投入需要支付的价格

  3. Deviations from standards deemed significantare brought to the attention of management, apractice known as management by exception. 重大的对标准的偏离会引起管理者的注意，被称为例外管理 Standard Costs Standard Amount DirectMaterial DirectLabor ManufacturingOverhead Type of Product Cost

  4. Exhibit 9-1 Takecorrective actions 采取矫正行为 Identifyquestions 发现问题 Receive explanations 找出问题的原因 Conduct next period’s operations 指导进行下期的经营 Analyze variances 分析差异 Variance Analysis Cycle差异分析循环 Prepare standard cost performance report 准备标准成本绩效报告 Begin

  5. Setting Standard Costs设置标准成本 Accountants, engineers, purchasingagents, and production managerscombine efforts to set standards that encourage efficient future production.

  6. I recommend using practicalstandards（实际标准） that are currently attainable with reasonable and efficient effort. Should we useideal standards（理想标准） that require employees towork at 100 percent peak efficiency? Setting Standard Costs Engineer ManagerialAccountant

  7. Learning Objective 1 Explain how direct materials standardsand direct laborstandards are set.

  8. QuantityStandards 数量标准 Final, deliveredcost of materials,net of discounts. 最终交付的材料成本，减去折扣 Summarized in a Bill of Materials. 摘自材料单 Setting Direct Material Standards 设置直接材料标准 PriceStandards 价格标准

  9. Setting Standards Six Sigma advocates have sought toeliminate all defects and waste, rather than continually build them into standards.拥护者试图消除所有的失误和浪费，而不是把这些考虑到标准中去。 As a result allowances for waste andspoilage that are built into standardsshould be reduced over time.

  10. RateStandards 比例帮助 TimeStandards 时间标准 Often a singlerate is used that reflectsthe mix of wages earned. Use time and motion studies foreach labor operation. Setting Direct Labor Standards设置直接人工帮助

  11. RateStandards 比例标准 ActivityStandards 作业标准 The rate is the variable portion of the predetermined overhead rate. 是POHR的变动部分 The activity is the base used to calculate the predetermined overhead. 是计算预计费用的作业基数 Setting Variable Overhead Standards设置变动费用标准

  12. Standard Cost Card – Variable Production Cost标准成本卡—变动生产成本 A standard cost card for one unit of product might look like this:

  13. Astandardis a per unit cost.标准是单位成本 Standards are often used when preparing budgets. 标准通常在编制预算的时候被使用 Standards vs. Budgets标准 vs 预算 Are standards the same as budgets? A budget is set for total costs. 预算是为总成本设定的

  14. The purchasing manager is responsible for raw material purchase prices and the production manager is responsible for the quantity of raw material used. 采购经理负责原材料采购的价格，生产经理负责对原材料使用的数量。 • The buying and using activities occur at different times. Raw material purchases may be held in inventory for a period of time before being used in production. 购买和使用活动发生在不同的时间。采购来的原材料在被使用到生产之前会被保存在存货中 Price and Quantity Standards Price and and quantity standards are determined separately for two reasons:

  15. Price Variance 价格差异 Quantity Variance 数量差异 Difference betweenactual price and standard price 实际价格和标准价格之差 Difference betweenactual quantity andstandard quantity 实际数量和标准数量之差 A General Model for Variance Analysis差异分析模型 Variance Analysis 差异分析

  16. Price Variance Quantity Variance Materials price varianceLabor rate varianceVOH spending variance A General Model for Variance Analysis Variance Analysis Materials quantity variance Labor efficiency variance VOH efficiency variance

  17. Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Price Variance Quantity Variance A General Model for Variance Analysis

  18. Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity× × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Price Variance Quantity Variance Actual quantity is the amount of direct materials, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead actually used. A General Model for Variance Analysis

  19. Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity× × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Price Variance Quantity Variance Standard quantity is the standard quantity allowed for the actual output of the period. A General Model for Variance Analysis

  20. Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Price Variance Quantity Variance A General Model for Variance Analysis Actual price is the amount actuallypaid for the input used.

  21. Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Price Variance Quantity Variance A General Model for Variance Analysis Standard priceis the amount that should have been paid for the input used.

  22. Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Price Variance Quantity Variance A General Model for Variance Analysis (AQ × AP) – (AQ × SP) (AQ × SP) – (SQ × SP) AQ = Actual Quantity SP = Standard Price AP = Actual Price SQ = Standard Quantity

  23. Learning Objective 2 Compute the direct materials price and quantity variances and explain their significance.

  24. Material Variances Example Glacier Peak Outfitters has the following direct material standard for the fiberfill in its mountain parka. 0.1 kg. of fiberfill per parka at $5.00 per kg. Last month 210 kgs of fiberfill were purchased and used to make 2,000 parkas. The material cost a total of $1,029.

  25. Price variance$21 favorable Quantity variance$50 unfavorable Material Variances Summary Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price 210 kgs. 210 kgs. 200 kgs. × × × $4.90 per kg. $5.00 per kg. $5.00 per kg. = $1,029 = $1,050 = $1,000

  26. $1,029  210 kgs = $4.90 per kg Material Variances Summary Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price 210 kgs. 210 kgs. 200 kgs. × × × $4.90 per kg. $5.00 per kg. $5.00 per kg. = $1,029 = $1,050 = $1,000 Price variance$21 favorable Quantity variance$50 unfavorable

  27. 0.1 kg per parka  2,000 parkas = 200 kgs Material Variances Summary Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price 210 kgs. 210 kgs. 200 kgs. × × × $4.90 per kg. $5.00 per kg. $5.00 per kg. = $1,029 = $1,050 = $1,000 Price variance$21 favorable Quantity variance$50 unfavorable

  28. Material Variances:Using the Factored Equations Materials price variance MPV = AQ (AP - SP) = 210 kgs ($4.90/kg - $5.00/kg) = 210 kgs (-$0.10/kg) = $21 F Materials quantity variance MQV = SP (AQ - SQ) = $5.00/kg (210 kgs-(0.1 kg/parka 2,000 parkas)) = $5.00/kg (210 kgs - 200 kgs) = $5.00/kg (10 kgs) = $50 U

  29. I’ll start computingthe price variancewhen material ispurchased rather thanwhen it’s used. I need the price variancesooner so that I can betteridentify purchasing problems. You accountants just don’tunderstand the problems thatpurchasing managers have. Isolation of Material Variances

  30. The price variance is computed on the entire quantitypurchased. 价格差异根据这个购买的数量计算 The quantity variance is computed only on the quantityused. 数量差异之根据使用的数量计算 Material Variances Hanson purchased and used 1,700 pounds. How are the variances computed if the amount purchaseddiffers from the amount used?

  31. Purchasing Manager Production Manager Responsibility for Material Variances Materials Quantity Variance Materials Price Variance The standard price is used to compute the quantity varianceso that the production manager is not held responsible forthe purchasing manager’s performance. 标准价格被用来计算数量差异，这样生产经理不会为购买经理的表现而负责

  32. Your poor scheduling sometimes requires me to rush order material at a higher price, causing unfavorable price variances. I am not responsible for this unfavorable materialquantity variance. You purchased cheapmaterial, so my peoplehad to use more of it. Responsibility for Material Variances

  33. Zippy Quick Check  Hanson Inc. has the following direct material standard to manufacture one Zippy: 1.5 pounds per Zippy at $4.00 per pound Last week, 1,700 pounds of material were purchased and used to make 1,000 Zippies. The material cost a total of $6,630.

  34. Zippy Quick Check  Hanson’s material price variance (MPV)for the week was: a. $170 unfavorable. b. $170 favorable. c. $800 unfavorable. d. $800 favorable.

  35. Zippy MPV = AQ(AP - SP) MPV = 1,700 lbs. × ($3.90 - 4.00) MPV = $170 Favorable Quick Check  Hanson’s material price variance (MPV)for the week was: a. $170 unfavorable. b. $170 favorable. c. $800 unfavorable. d. $800 favorable.

  36. Zippy Quick Check  Hanson’s material quantity variance (MQV)for the week was: a. $170 unfavorable. b. $170 favorable. c. $800 unfavorable. d. $800 favorable.

  37. Zippy MQV = SP(AQ - SQ) MQV = $4.00(1,700 lbs - 1,500 lbs) MQV = $800 unfavorable Quick Check  Hanson’s material quantity variance (MQV)for the week was: a. $170 unfavorable. b. $170 favorable. c. $800 unfavorable. d. $800 favorable.

  38. Zippy Price variance$170 favorable Quantity variance$800 unfavorable Quick Check  Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price 1,700 lbs. 1,700 lbs. 1,500 lbs. × × × $3.90 per lb. $4.00 per lb. $4.00 per lb. = $6,630 = $ 6,800 = $6,000

  39. Zippy Quick Check  Continued Hanson Inc. has the following material standard to manufacture one Zippy: 1.5 pounds per Zippy at $4.00 per pound Last week, 2,800 pounds of material were purchased at a total cost of $10,920, and 1,700 pounds were used to make 1,000 Zippies.

  40. Zippy Price variance increases because quantity purchased increases. 价格差异增加了因为购买数量增加了 Price variance$280 favorable Quick Check  Continued Actual Quantity Actual QuantityPurchased Purchased× ×Actual Price Standard Price 2,800 lbs. 2,800 lbs. × × $3.90 per lb. $4.00 per lb. = $10,920 = $11,200

  41. Zippy Quantity variance is unchanged because actual and standard quantities are unchanged. 数量差异不变因为实际和标准数量不变。 Quantity variance$800 unfavorable Quick Check  Continued Actual QuantityUsed Standard Quantity × × Standard Price Standard Price 1,700 lbs. 1,500 lbs. × × $4.00 per lb. $4.00 per lb. = $6,800 = $6,000

  42. Learning Objective 3 Compute the direct labor rate and efficiency variances and explaintheir significance.

  43. Labor Variances Example Glacier Peak Outfitters has the following direct labor standard for its mountain parka. 1.2 standard hours per parka at $10.00 per hour Last month, employees actually worked 2,500 hours at a total labor cost of $26,250 to make 2,000 parkas.

  44. Rate variance$1,250 unfavorable Efficiency variance$1,000 unfavorable Labor Variances Summary Actual Hours Actual Hours Standard Hours × × × Actual Rate Standard Rate Standard Rate 2,500 hours 2,500 hours 2,400 hours × × ×$10.50 per hour $10.00 per hour. $10.00 per hour = $26,250 = $25,000 = $24,000

  45. $26,250  2,500 hours = $10.50 per hour Rate variance$1,250 unfavorable Efficiency variance$1,000 unfavorable Labor Variances Summary Actual Hours Actual Hours Standard Hours × × × Actual Rate Standard Rate Standard Rate 2,500 hours 2,500 hours 2,400 hours × × ×$10.50 per hour $10.00 per hour. $10.00 per hour = $26,250 = $25,000 = $24,000

  46. 1.2 hours per parka  2,000 parkas = 2,400 hours Rate variance$1,250 unfavorable Efficiency variance$1,000 unfavorable Labor Variances Summary Actual Hours Actual Hours Standard Hours × × × Actual Rate Standard Rate Standard Rate 2,500 hours 2,500 hours 2,400 hours × × ×$10.50 per hour $10.00 per hour. $10.00 per hour = $26,250 = $25,000 = $24,000

  47. Labor Variances:Using the Factored Equations Labor rate variance LRV = AH (AR - SR) = 2,500 hours ($10.50 per hour – $10.00 per hour) = 2,500 hours ($0.50 per hour) = $1,250 unfavorable Labor efficiency variance LEV = SR (AH - SH) = $10.00 per hour (2,500 hours – 2,400 hours) = $10.00 per hour (100 hours) = $1,000 unfavorable

  48. Mix of skill levelsassigned to work tasks. 分配到任务的技术级别 Level of employee motivation. 员工的动力 Quality of production supervision. 生产监督的质量 Production Manager Quality of training provided to employees. 给员工的培训的质量 Responsibility for Labor Variances人工差异的责任 Production managers areusually held accountablefor labor variancesbecause they caninfluence the: 通常生产管理人被认为应对人工 差异负责，因为他们能影响到

  49. I think it took more time to process the materials because the Maintenance Department has poorly maintained your equipment. I am not responsible for the unfavorable laborefficiency variance! You purchased cheapmaterial, so it took moretime to process it. Responsibility forLabor Variances

  50. Zippy Quick Check  Hanson Inc. has the following direct labor standard to manufacture one Zippy: 1.5 standard hours per Zippy at $12.00 perdirect labor hour Last week, 1,550 direct labor hours were worked at a total labor cost of $18,910to make 1,000 Zippies.

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