Lesson One

1. Lesson One CO 1. Identify the five main roles of the Skeletal system. CO 2. Describe the functions of bones and joints. CO 3. Explain how you can keep you skeletal system healthy. LO 1. List the five (5) main functions of the skeletal system.

2. Critical Vocabulary Joint Cartilage Ossification Marrow Ligament Osteoporosis Fracture Sprain Dislocation Scoliosis

3. Your Skeletal System Your skeletal system has five main roles. It provides support, protects internal organs, allows your body to move, and stores and produces materials that your body needs. All the bones in your body make up your skeleton. Your skeleton gives your body its basic shape and provides support as you move through your day. Many bones protect internal organs, such as your ribs, which protect the heart and lungs, your skeletal system works with you muscular and nervous system allow you to move. Your bones store more phosphorus and calcium. The breastbone and thighbone also produce blood cells. Your bones are living structures that undergo change throughout your life. A newborn’s skeleton is made mostly of cartilage, a tough supportive tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone. By young adulthood, most of this cartilage is replaced by bone in a process called ossification (ahs uh fih KAY shun). During this process, minerals are deposited within the developing bone, making it hard.

4. Bone Structure Bone consists of two different types of tissue compact bone and spongy bone. Another type of tissue is called marrow fills the spaces in bones. Two types of bone morrow are red marrow and yellow marrow. A place where two or more bones come together is called a joint. Bones and joints work together to move your body. Joints allow for movement and protect bones from friction and force. Bones are held together at joints by strong, fibrous bands called ligaments. A combination of eating well, exercising, and avoiding injuries contributes to lifelong bone and joint health.In addition, regular medical checkups can help detect skeletal system problems. Adequate intake of calcium and phosphorus helps bones grow to maximum size and strength.

5. Bone Injuries Significant calcium loss can lead to osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones become weak and break easily. One common injury of the skeletal system is a fracture, or a break in a bone. Avoid fractures by wearing proper safety equipment during physical activity. Doing warm-up and stretching exercises can help prevent joint injuries. One type of joint injury is a sprain, an overstretched or torn ligament. In a dislocation, the ends of the bones in a joint are forced out of their normal positions. During yearly physical examinations, a nurse or doctor may check your spine for scoliosis (skoh lee OG sis), an abnormal curvature of the spine.

6. Warm-up Quick Quiz Complete each of these statements with always, sometimes, never. Writing Why do you think that teens might not always practice these healthful behaviors?

7. Decision Making: To Play or Not to Play? • Your coach has selected you to play in the starting lineup for the big • game tomorrow night. You hurt your knee during practice today, but • have not told the coach for fear of not being allowed to play in the game • tomorrow. You can walk without limping, most of the time. Tonight, • you plan to apply ice and take a pain reliever. • What decision do you need to make? _________________________ • In the chart below, list the possible solutions to the problem and their • Positive and negative consequences. Possible Consequences Possible Solutions Positive Negative

8. Continued 3. What would you do in this situation? Explain the reasons for your decision. ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Your Skeletal System Functions of the Skeletal System • List the five main roles of the skeletal system. a. _______________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________ c. _______________________________________________ d. _______________________________________________ e. _______________________________________________ LO 1

9. Bones and Joints 2. Complete the outline by adding details about bones and joints. I. Bones and Joints A. Development of bones 1. A newborn’s skeleton is made mostly of cartilage. 2. During ossification, _______________________ 3. After ossification, ________________________ B. Structure of bones 1. The two types of bone tissue are ____________ 2. Red marrow produces ____________________ 3. Yellow marrow stores ____________________ C. Joints 1. Joints allow for _________________________ 2. Joints protect bones from _________________ 3. Four types of movable joints are ___________ 4. Ligaments are __________________________

10. Keeping Healthy 3. Complete the graphic organizer with details about keeping your skeletal system healthy. Behavior Effect Eat food that contains calcium, phosphorus, and other nutrients that are important for bone health • ____________________________________________ Get plenty of weight-bearing exercise b. ______________________ ________________________ Wear appropriate safety equip- ment and seat belts. c. _____________________ _______________________ Warm up and stretch before physical activity d. ______________________ ________________________ See a doctor if you experience bone or joint pain e. ______________________ ________________________

11. Review • List the five main roles of the skeletal system. • Explain the function of bones. • Describe the two types of bone marrow. • What is a joint? Describe the function of movable joints in the body. • Identify four ways you can help your skeletal system stay healthy. Critical Thinking Classifying Which type of joint allows you to kneel down? To move your arm in a circle?

12. Lesson Quiz 1 • B • E • D • A • C • True • True • False • True • False

13. Lesson Two TSWBAT: CO 1. Describe the functions of the three types of muscles. CO 2. Explain how you can keep your muscular system healthy. LO 2. Explain what voluntary and involuntary muscles are and determine when they are used based on certain activities.

14. Critical Vocabulary Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Tendon Skeletal Muscle Muscle Tone Atrophy Anabolic Steroid Strain Tendon

15. Your Muscular System Your body has three types of muscle tissue that perform different functions- smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle is involuntary muscle that causes movement within your body. For example, smooth muscle in blood vessels help circulate your blood. Cardiac muscle is involuntary muscle found only in the heart. Cardiac muscle allows your heart to beat and pump blood throughout your body. Skeletal muscles are the muscles that you control to do activities, such as walking. Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of your skeleton by thick strands of tissue called tendons.

16. Nerves Nerves send messages to muscles commanding them to contract or shorten and thicken, to move a bone. A slight, constant tension in muscles is muscle tone. Muscle tone keeps your muscle healthy and ready for action. Atrophy is a condition in which muscles weaken and shrink form lack of use

17. Preventing Injuries You can maintain a healthy muscular system by regularly participating in different types of exercise. To help prevent injuries, exercise sessions should include a warm-up and cool-down period. Some types of exercise increase muscle endurance-how long a muscle can contract without tiring. Other types strength, some athletes are tempted to use anabolic steroids, artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone. When used for nonmusical reasons, anabolic steroids can damage body systems. A muscle strain, or a pulled muscle, is a painful injury that occurs when muscles are overworked or stretched too much or too quickly. Overuse of tendons may lead to painful swelling or irritation called tendonitis. Stretching and drinking lots of water before and during exercise can help you avoid muscle cramps.

18. Warm-up Myth Fact Writing Where do you think most teens get their information about muscles? How factual do you think their information is?

19. The Muscles in Your Body 1. Complete the table with details about muscle types.

20. Cause Effect 2. Complete the graphic organizer about how a pair of muscles in your arm works. Cause Effect • _________________ arm bends • _________________ arm straightens 3. Describe muscle tone. _________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________

21. Keeping healthy 4. In your won words, describe the difference between muscle endurance and muscle strength. What in one activity that could help build muscle endurance? What is one activity that could help build muscle strength? _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 5. Complete the table with details about kinds of muscle injuries and how to prevent them.

22. Practice LO 2 Look at the pictures below. Then answer the questions. • a. When a runner uses her leg muscle to run, which • of the three types of muscles is she using? _________ • b. Are these muscle movement voluntary or in- • voluntary? Explain ____________________________ • 2. a. When food moves through the esophagus, stomach, • and intestine, which type of muscle is at work? _____ • b. Are these muscle movements voluntary or in- • voluntary? Explain ____________________________

23. Application 3. a. When the heart pumps blood, which type of muscle is being used? ___________________ b. Are these muscles voluntary or involuntary? ___ Explain ____________________________________ 4. While eating, you lift food to your mouth, chew it, swallow it, and digest it. Explain how all three types of muscle tissue are used during this process? ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

24. Review • Identify the three types of muscles and describe the location and function of each. • What is a tendon? • Explain what causes muscle tone. What causes the condition known as atrophy? • What can you do to prevent muscle injuries? • What is the cause of a muscle strain? Critical Thinking Evaluating Why is it an advantage that you do not have control over all of your muscles?

25. Lesson Quiz 2 • False • True • False • False • True • B • C • D • A • C

26. Lesson Three TSWBAT: CO 1. Explain the functions of the nervous system and the role of neurons. CO 2. Describe the roles of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. CO 3. Identify the most important thing you can do to keep your nervous system healthy. LO 1. Describe the function of all the parts of the Nervous System.

27. Critical Vocabulary Neuron Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain Stem Spinal Cord Reflex Concussion Coma Paralysis Meningitis Seizure Epilepsy

28. Your Nervous System Your nervous system receives information about what is going on inside and outside of your body. Then it processes the information and forms a response to it. These functions are accomplished with the help of the basic unit of the nervous system-a type of cell called a neuron. Neurons carry messages, or impulses, from one part of your body to another. A neuron has three basic parts: dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. The junction where one neuron sends impulses to another neuron or another type of cell is called a synapse. Three types of neurons are sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. The central nervous system is the control of the body. It includes the brain and spinal cord. The cerebrum is a part of the brain with specialized regions that control movements, memory, communication, and reasoning.

29. The Brain The cerebellum (sehr uh bel um) coordinates your body’s movements and helps you keep your balance. The brain stem lies between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. The brain stem controls the involuntary actions, such as breathing and sneezing. The spinal cord is a thick column of nerve tissue that links the brain to most of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system. A reflex is a type of automatic response to your environment. Some reflexes are controlled by the spinal cord only, which allows for a faster response. The peripheral nervous system includes the network of nerves that links the rest of your body to your brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is divided into a sensory division and a motor division. The sensory division carries information to your central nervous system. The motor division carries information to your muscles and glands. The motor division is divided into two groups: the somatic nervous system (voluntary movements) and the autonomic nervous system (involuntary actions).

30. Protection The most important step you can take to care for your nervous system is to protect it from injury. A bruise like injury to the brain is called a concussion. A concussion can be caused by a bump to the head. A severe brain injury from trauma, disease, or drugs could possibly result in a coma, which is a prolonged period of deep unconsciousness. Spinal cord injuries can result in paralysis, or the loss of the ability to move and feel some part of the body. Meningitis (men in jy tis) is an infection that causes inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Under certain conditions, a person’s brain may experience sudden, uncontrolled nerve impulses. This flood of brain activity can lead to a seizure. People with a disorder called epilepsy are prone to seizures.

31. Warm-up Health Stats This graph compares bicycle-helmet use and seat-belt use among teens. Writing Why do you think many more teens wear seat belts than bicycle helmets?

32. Vocabulary Activity: The Nervous System Complete the concept map that shows the divisions of the nervous system. Nervous System Is divided into Central nervous system 1. __________ nervous system includes two divisions 2. ________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. _________ three regions two groups 6. _______ 8. ________ 9. _______ 10. ________ nervous system nervous system 7. _________ balance signals skeletal muscles regulates breathing

33. What Is the Nervous System? LO 3 1. Describe the function of each type of neuron. a. Sensory neurons ___________________________________ b. Interneurons ______________________________________ c. Motor neurons ____________________________________ Central Nervous System 2. Describe the function of each major region of the brain. a. Cerebrum _______________________________________ b. Cerebellum ______________________________________ c. Brain Stem ______________________________________

34. Continued 3. Identify the main steps of a reflex action. You touch a hot pan. • _________________________________ • _________________________________ b. _________________________________ _________________________________ Messages of pain travel to the brain. c. _________________________________ _________________________________ d. ________________________________ ________________________________

35. Peripheral Nervous System 4. Complete the concept map with details about the peripheral nervous. Peripheral Nervous System a. ____________ consists of b. ______________ which carries information to which carries responses to d. ____________ c. ______________ and contains e. _______________ f. ______________

36. Keeping Healthy 5. Complete the table about ways to prevent nervous system injuries and disease. Injury or Disease Prevention Headaches e. ___________________________________

37. Review • What functions does the nervous system perform? • What is a neuron? Name the three types of neurons and describe the function of each. • What is the role of the central nervous system? List the three main areas of the brain. • What is a reflex? How do reflexes protect the body? • How does the peripheral nervous system connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body? • Why is it so important to protect your nervous system from injury? Critical Thinking Evaluating Suppose that after an accident, a person cannot feel or move his or her legs. What type of injury would you suspect? Explain.

38. Lesson Quiz 3 • C • F • D • B • A • B • A • C • C • D

39. 19. To maintain the health of the Skeletal system you can eat well, exercise, avoid injuries, and get regular medical checkups to help detect skeletal system problems. 20. Sensory neurons pick up the sound of the buzzer and transmit the message to the brain. The brain processes the information about the sound and realizes that the microwave is done cooking. The brain sends a message through the spinal cord to the motor neurons of the somatic nervous system with instructions to walk to the microwave and take the food out. Chapter 11 Test 11. D 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. Joint 16. Ossification 17. Skeletal 18. Cerebellum • True • False • True • False • False • C • D • A • B • B