U.S. History Final Format

1. U.S. History Final Format • 75 Multiple Choice ( .7 pts. each) 52.5 • 10 True or False ( .7 pts. each) 7.0 • 15 Matching (3x5) ( .7 pts. each) 10.5 • 2 of 8 Essay Questions (15 pts. each) 30.0 100.0

2. Junior 15pt. Essay Themes • These essays are to be answered in Knockout Format! Both Content and Style matter! • Usually Knockouts are 5 paragraphs. You may add extra paragraphs if you have more than 3 seeds. • Rise and Fall of Racial Segregation • Industrial Revolution (Business, Industry, Transportation, Communication) • Railroads (Expansion v. Plains Indians) • Age of Imperialism / Western Hemi. Relations • Progressives (Labor, Immigration, Corruption, Women, Urban Centers) • Reasons and Results of Entering World War I • Causes of the Stock Market Crash • Examples of New Deal’s Goals of Relief, Recovery & Reform

3. Unit 6: Civil War

4. Cotton Cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 Demand for cotton Leads to “land butchery” westward expansion more slavery ½ of world’s cotton grown in South South believes their economic importance to the world would give them support in case of war with North

5. “Cottonocracy” “Antebellum” (pre-Civil War South) Oligarchy – government by a small number of elite About 1,700 families had large plantations with more than 100 slaves Had the most political power Social ranking system: 1. elite, large slave-owners 2. small farmers – owned a few slaves 3. poor, non-slave owning whites (3/4 of white population) Despised wealthy slave owners Still pro-slavery, very racist

6. Plantation Slavery Slave importation banned in 1808 Not regulated or enforced Slave population self-sufficient through childbirth Slaves = investment Protected from dangerous jobs Deep South – SC, Louisiana Most strict, tough areas for slaves Slave revolts (Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner) caused tighter security and worse laws for blacks

7. Abolitionist Movements “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” by Harriet Beecher Stowe Emotional and chilling portrayal of slavery HUGE impact on debate of slavery Frederick Douglass Escaped slave William Lloyd Garrison Extremist-abolitionist Seen as disruptive to unity, Northern economy

8. South’s Defense “Bible supported slavery” Slave owners convert their slaves to Christianity Whites and “happy darkies” get along Slaves and slave-owners like family Slaves lived better lives than Northern “wage slaves”

9. 1840s America William Henry Harrison dies after a month in office – VP John Tyler is new president Tyler not very “Whig-minded” Vetoes Whig legislation – kicked out of party Tyler deals with numerous foreign affairs Canadian attack on American ship Borders of Maine (U.S. vs. Britain) British giving escaped slaves asylum James K. Polk wins election of 1844 Democratic party Platform of expansion and “Manifest Destiny”

10. Polk’s Presidency Very successful and efficient 4 part plan: Lower the tariff Restore independent treasury Clear up the Oregon border issue Get California Accomplished all in 4 years Issue with Texas Still independent – Texas becoming friendly with European countries Dilemma for America Slavery issue, economic factors, Monroe doctrine Polk invites Texas to join the U.S. in 1845

11. Mexican-American War (1846-1848) Polk wants California (Mexican territory) Offers to buy first, uses force when refused “Baited” Mexico into a war Santa Anna cleverly returns to lead Mexican Army U.S. dominates Mexico in 3 phases: Occupy California Secure Texas Conquer Mexico City

13. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican Cession – forced to give up present day CA, NV, AZ, NM, CO, UT Gadsden Purchase made in 1854 Needed land for railroad route

14. 1840s-1850s America Gen. Zachary Taylor wins presidency under Whig Party in 1848 Challenged by “Free Soil Party” People moving west (new land, gold in CA) Issue of slavery – slave or free states? Huge debate between North and South Clay, Webster, Calhoun Slowly working towards compromise Taylor (anti-slavery) threatens to veto if North makes any concessions Taylor dies, compromising VP Millard Fillmore takes over…

15. Compromise of 1850 North gets: California is a free state – balance tipped to free side Texas gives up disputed New Mexico land Slave trade now illegal in D.C. (symbolic significance only) South gets: Popular sovereignty in new Mexican Cession lands New states vote whether to be a free state or slave state Texas paid $10 million for loss of land given to New Mexico Fugitive Slave Law: runaway slaves given no “due process”, money paid for catching and returning of slave, Northern officials forced to catch slaves North passes laws to avoid forced capture Leads to further dissention between North and South

16. 1850s America President Franklin Pearce wins election in 1852 Democratic party, safe choice – no enemies Kansas-Nebraska Act Transcontinental railroad compromise Kansas open to popular sovereignty Becomes battleground between North and South Extreme and violent abolitionist: John Brown murderer or martyr? Kansas “wins” vote to become slave state (scandal) President James Buchanan wins election in 1856 Democratic Ran against John Fremont (Republican) Northerner, but sympathetic towards South

17. Dred Scott Case Slave moved by master from South to North, then back to South Tried to sue for freedom → lost case Decision Stated slaves not citizens →cannot use legal process Also stated Congress cannot outlaw slavery Infuriates North South now had advantage politically (president, Supreme Court, Constitution) North has powerless majority Congress

18. Compromise of 1850 North gets: California is a free state – balance tipped to free side Texas gives up disputed New Mexico land Slave trade now illegal in D.C. (symbolic significance only) South gets: Popular sovereignty in new Mexican Cession lands New states vote whether to be a free state or slave state Texas paid $10 million for loss of land given to New Mexico Fugitive Slave Law: runaway slaves given no “due process”, money paid for catching and returning of slave, Northern officials forced to catch slaves North passes laws to avoid forced capture Leads to further dissention between North and South

19. Dred Scott Case Slave moved by master from South to North, then back to South Tried to sue for freedom → lost case Decision Stated slaves not citizens →cannot use legal process Also stated Congress cannot outlaw slavery Infuriates North South now had advantage politically (president, Supreme Court, Constitution) North has powerless majority Congress

20. 1850s America Panic of 1857 Caused by over-speculation, inflation caused by California gold, and overproduction of grain 1858 Illinois Senate Race: Lincoln (Rep) vs. Douglas (Dem) “The Great Debates” Douglas wins election, loses his heavy support from South after “Freeport Doctrine” Stated people hold power to vote down slavery, despite the Supreme Court Lincoln loses, but becomes national figure

21. Election of 1860 Democrats split: North wants Stephen Douglas to run Popular sovereignty position South wants John C. Breckinridge Pro-slavery position Republicans select Abe Lincoln Campaign successfully unites many Northern factions: Free-Soilers (will stop slavery’s expansion) Manufactures (will raise the import tariff) Immigrants (will secure better rights) Westerners (will build a NW railroad) Farmers (will establish homesteading) System of federal land grants

22. Election of 1860 Lincoln not an abolitionist, but was a Free-Soiler → hated by the south SC threatens to secede if Lincoln wins election Southern votes split between Douglas and Breckenridge Lincoln wins comfortably in November, 1860 Scheduled to take office in March 1861

23. The South Secedes SC secedes in Dec. 1860 Soon followed by “Deep South” Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas Feb 1861 – Southern states form “Confederate States of America” Elect Jefferson Davis as President of C.S.A. President Buchanan did almost nothing to stop the secession One final compromise offered – Crittendon Compromise (extend Missouri Compromise line – north = free, south = slave) Lincoln takes over, crushes compromise “Honest Abe” took free-soil pledge, wouldn’t break it

25. Why the South Seceded: Institution of slavery threatened by North Would kill Southern economy if outlawed Believed starting own nation allows own development Economy, industry, banking, shipping, etc Compared their secession to independence of American colonies in 1776 U.S. breaks from England, South breaks from North South didn’t think North would try to stop their secession If war did break out, Europe would support South due to its economic value

26. Civil War Begins

27. Lincoln’s Inauguration (Mar. 4, 1861) Primary goal: REUNITE THE NATION Problems with South leaving: Dividing country impossible due to geographic reasons They still owe national debt Runaway slave issues would surely lead to conflict Europe could prey on a weak and split America (economically, diplomatically, militarily)

28. War Begins (1861) Lincoln’s inauguration (Mar) Southern delegates offer peace treaty to Lincoln Lincoln refuses Fort Sumter, SC (April) Island fort held by North, being surrounded by South Supplies running out, reinforcements too late South open fires on Ft. Sumter North surrenders after day War officially begins

29. Lincoln Preps for War Call to arms 75,000 soldiers Orders naval blockade of South 4 undecided states secede and CSA Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and NC

30. Border States

31. Border States Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland All slave states that had not seceded Importance: Would increase South’s population Would increase South’s industrial potential Lincoln’s plan to gain border states: Declared martial law in Maryland Railroad importance, buffer to D.C. Convinced border states his motives were to end war, not slavery Splits between border states: Tennessee “volunteers” Anti-slavery West Virginia breaks away from Virginia

32. Advantages North Larger population 3x South’s population Industry Railroads U.S. Navy Naval blockade’s importance More money South Only had to defend, not conquer North needed a decisive victory to win Geographical advantages Better military leadership Robert E. Lee “Stonewall” Jackson

33. Warm Up Of the advantages and disadvantages we know of, which do you think will be the most important throughout the course of the war? Which will help the North the most? Which will hurt the South the most?

34. South’s Foreign Aid? South believed Europe would help them Economic importance – cotton Reasons help never came: Some Europeans wanted a split U.S. Other Europeans were anti-slavery Effect of Uncle Tom’s Cabin England’s reliance on Southern cotton decreasing Had started own crops in colonized Egypt and India North sends food over to famine-affected Europe throughout war → support grows

35. Foreign Affairs England gives very little support to South “Trent affair” Northern ship stops British ship with 2 Southern diplomats on it → arrested → released CSS Alabama Staffed with British forces, attacked U.S. ships worldwide, but not in U.S. waters Brits never follow though with promise to build raider ships for South → could hurt England one day U.S.-Canada border issues Puppet government set up in Mexico by Napoleon III (France) violates Monroe doctrine

36. A. Lincoln vs. J. Davis Stable & established government Can easily exert power Better foreign relations Navy at disposal Telegraph and railroad system Never popular (Elected by delegates, not common people) An unstable “confederacy” Loosely united Weak by design Hard to govern Hard to exert power

37. Lincoln vs. the Constitution Unconstitutional actions: Martial law declared in Maryland Increases the size of the Army Created draft too Paid $2 million to a few private citizens for undisclosed military purposes Suspended habeas corpus Anti-unionists arrested and held without trial “Supervised” Border State elections Turn and talk with a partner: Which actions are the worst? Rank them. Do you think these actions are acceptable? Why or why not? Do the ends justify the means?

38. Economies During War NORTH Raises import tax Railroads and open seas Sold war bonds Funded 62% of war for North Recreated National Banking System Secured and regulated money in economy War boomed industry Women’s role increased Factory workers, Red Cross SOUTH Union naval blockade killed South’s money flow Could not export cotton Could not import for (no import tax) Massive inflation New CSA currency fails Southerners held 30% of nations wealth before secession → 12% after Lack of money kills South’s war effort

39. War Starts Ft. Sumter (April 1860) Both sides confident war will be short “Ninety-Day War” North wants to take Richmond, VA (CSA capital) July 1860 – Battle of Bull Run (VA) Both sides unprepared, unorganized Southern Gen. Thomas Jackson holds line, fights off North “Stonewall Jackson” North panics & retreats, South wins the first major battle of the Civil War Significance? Realization war was going to take much longer Both sides needed better preparation 5,000 casualties in one day

40. Both sides stall to prepare for long war Lincoln puts Gen. George McClellan in charge Organized, master planner Planned to take Richmond Would end war “The Peninsula Campaign” (Summer 1862) Stonewall Jackson bluffs attack on D.C. Northern troops split Southern Gen. Jeb Stuart’s cavalry circles & outflanks McClellan Southern Gen. Robert E. Lee attacks in “Seven Days’ Battles” Pushes McClellan back to sea South wins another huge battle 35,000 total dead

41. North’s quick solution to war fails twice Lincoln’s new plan: TOTAL WAR Blockade, divide, conquer Strengthen naval blockade Free the slaves Divide the South along Mississippi River Capture Richmond, VA (CSA Capital) Engage battle anywhere possible Abandons using only large, planned battles South would be pounded into submission in every facet of war North’s New Strategy

42. Northern Gen. Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan”

43. Naval Blockade Penetrable at first, strengthened over time Stopped and searched any ships coming in or out C.S.S. Merrimack – ironclad ship threatened blockade North builds U.S.S. Monitor Monitor defeats Merrimack in Chesapeake Bay March, 1862 New plan: replace wooden ships with iron, steam ships Who’s more likely to manufacture more and at a faster rate?

44. Antietam Aug 1862 – Second Battle of Bull Run North beaten badly by South, led by Lee South undoubtedly winning the war Lee marches forward invades Antietam, MD Wants to lure Border States to join CSA Draw war off of Virginia’s farmland Make a symbolic victory on Northern soil Loses battle plans – found by North Gen. McClellan (back in charge) prepares for battle…

45. Antietam Battle of Antietam Creek (Sep. 1862) Most critical battle of war so far Could be knockout punch for South Northern victory would keep war alive, convinces Europe to stay out of war North wins Overpowers South with numbers Over 20,000 killed

46. Emancipation Proclamation First, much awaited victory for North Gives Lincoln a stage to announce next part of plan: free the slaves Not just a war to reunite the nation, but now to end slavery as well Gives North a “moral” rationale for fighting Proclamation did not free slaves in Border States States too fragile → could leave secede in anger No real legal repercussions to Proclamation – why? Lincoln holds no political power in South Lincoln didn’t have authority to free slaves even in the Union North would have to win the war for it to go into effect South complains Lincoln is stirring slave rebellion

47. Black Soldiers Join Effort Free Black men in the North banned from enlisting at first As war progressed, more soldiers were needed Black men now allowed to enlist 10% of army made up of Black men Southern army often just executed captured Black soldiers rather than treat them as POWs Massacre at Ft. Pillow, Tennessee Advancing Northern armies freed slaves, some of which joined the war

48. Futile Northern Generals Gen. McClellan demoted again after Antietam Had Lee’s plans!!! Barely won the battle Largely because of numbers Failed to pursue and crush Lee Gen. Burnside takes over Defeated at Fredericksburg, VA (Dec, 1862) Gen. Hooker takes over Defeated at Chancellorsville, VA (May, 1863) Lee’s most impressive victory Humiliating loss for the North Stonewall Jackson mistakenly killed by own men Gen. Meade takes over…

49. Gettysburg Lee again goes for “knockout punch” Invades North again Battle of Gettysburg, PA (July 1863) South wins first two days of battle forcing North to retreat up into hills Third Day: “Pickett’s Charge” Lee sends 15,000 men across open field to crush the North with frontal assault Fails miserably – Northern lines hold North wins HUGE battle

50. Gettysburg Biggest win for North thus far Massive loss for South 25,000 casualties Turning point in war South could not keep up with North’s influx of soldiers, supplies Chances at victory dwindling fast Gettysburg Address (Nov 1863) Lincoln returned to battlefield to give speech to troops Meant to boost morale, rationalize war