GREECE THE GREEK POLIS

1. GREECETHE GREEK POLIS SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ANCIENT GREECE? WHERE IS GREECE?

2. The polis (plural, poleis) was the ancient Greek city-state. • The word politics comes from this Greek word. • In the ancient world, it was the central urban area that could also have controlled the surrounding countryside. • The word polis could also refer to the city's body of citizens.

4. Polis, literally means city in Greek. • It could also mean citizenship and body of citizens. • In modern historiography "polis" is normally used to indicate the ancient Greek city-states, like Classical Athens and its contemporaries • polis is often translated as "city-state."

5. PARTS/ELEMENTS OF POLIS • Self-governance, autonomy and independence (city-state) • Agora: the social hub and financial marketplace, on and around a centrally located large open space • Acropolis: the citadel • Greek urban planning and architecture, public, religious, and private (see Hippodamian plan) • Temples, altars

6. Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, etc. • The polis began to emerge as a new form of social and political organization in the eighth century B.C.

7. “Men are the Polis.”-Thucydides“Man is an animal whose nature it is to live in a polis”-Aristotle

8. The period that the polis began to emerge can be considered not only as the time of recovery but also the peak of Greek Civilization in terms of politics, society, economy and culture. • Poleis were city-states established by the group of Greek people who proudly termed themselves “Hellene”. • Independent and self governing; 30,000 to 300,000 in population • All spoke Greek, believed in the pantheon of gods, practiced forms of government, and had the same culture.

9. TWO FORMS OF GOVERNMENT • OLIGARCHY • RULE BY THE FEW • DEMOCRACY • RULE BY THE PEOPLE

10. ATHENS cultural achievements during the 5th century BCE laid the foundations of western civilization. ECO BASED ON TRADE AND SEAFARING BIRTHPLACE OF DEMOCRACY SPARTA ECO BASED ON FARMING MILITARY BASED PRACTICED OLIGARCHY TWO MOST FAMOUS CITYSTATES

13. WARS • PERSIAN WARS, 490 – 481 BCE • GREEK CITYSTATES LED BY ATHENS AND SPARTA VS. PERSIAN EMPIRE • GREEK VICTORY • PELOPONNESIAN WARS, 431 – 404 BCE • ATHENS VS. SPARTA • SPARTA VICTORY • SPARTA DOMINATED GREEK CITYSTATES

15. SOCRATES 469 BC – 399 BC classical GreekAthenianphilosopher A founder of Western philosophy Plato and Xenophon, famous students Socratic method, type of pedagogy in which a series of questions are asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand knowledge of the man, his life, and his philosophy is entirely based on writings by his students Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, and Aristophanes FAMOUS GREEKS

16. SOCRATES • Rather than upholding a status quo and accepting the development of what he perceived as immorality within his region, Socrates questioned the collective notion of "might makes right" that he felt was common in Greece during this period. Plato refers to Socrates as the "gadfly" of the state (as the gadfly stings the horse into action, so Socrates stung various Athenians), insofar as he irritated some people with considerations of justice and the pursuit of goodness. His attempts to improve the Athenians' sense of justice may have been the source of his execution.

17. Death of SocratesJacques-Louis David (1748–1825)

18. SOCRATES • found guilty of both corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens and of impiety ("not believing in the gods of the state"), and subsequently sentenced to death by drinking a mixture containing poison hemlock.

19. “THERE IS ONLY ONE GOOD, KNOWLEDGE, AND ONE EVIL, IGNORANCE.”

20. 429-349 BCE ClassicalGreekphilosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science FAMOUS LITERATURE, THE REPUBLIC WROTE DIALOGUES, BOOKS, WHICH WERE CONVERSATIONS BETWEEN A CHARACTER NAMED SOCRATES AND OTHER ATHENIANS PLATO

21. PLATO’S REPUBLIC • The Republic • Socratic dialogue written by Plato around 380 BC concerning the definition of justice and the order and character of the just city-state and the just man • MAIN IDEA: HIS VISION OF A PERFECTLY GOVERNED SOCIETY • ANTI-DEMOCRACY • SOCIETY OF 3 GROUPS • 1 FARMERS AND ARTISANS • 2 WARRIORS • 3 RULING CLASS • A PHILOSOPHER-KING WOULD BE CHOSEN FROM THE RULING CLASS.

22. 384 BC – 322 BC Greekphilosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects founding figure in Western philosophy ARISTOTLE

23. ARISTOTLE • RULES OF LOGIC • SUMMARY OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE TIMES • BASIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD • TUTOR OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, SON OF PHILIP OF MACEDONIA • FOUNDED SCHOOL CALLED THE LYCEUM WHICH RIVALED THE ACADEMY

24. July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders ALEXANDER THE GREAT

26. Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion his conquests engendered • He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably Alexandria in Egypt • Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture in the east resulted in a new Hellenistic civilization, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire • He became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves, and military academies throughout the world still teach his tactics

28. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQfBinQwPGs

29. HELLENISTIC AGE, HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION • Hellenistic civilization (Greek civilization beyond classical Greece) represents the zenith of Greek influence in the ancient world • 323 BC to about 146 BC • Hellenistic civilization was preceded by the Classical Hellenic period, and followed by Roman rule over the areas Greece had earlier dominated – even though much of Greek culture, religion, art and literature still permeated Rome's rule, whose elite spoke and read Greek as well as Latin. • sparked by the conquests of Alexander the Great • resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms, and moreover Greek colonists themselves • Cities: Athens, Syracuse, Alexandria, Antioch

30. CONTRIBUTIONS OF HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION • 1 Art and philosophy were the key cultural contributions of Greek civilization. • 2 Greek religion featured a pantheon of anthropomorphic gods and goddesses. • 3 Philosophy gave various answers to the question of political organization and the search for truth. • 4 Greek thinkers were interested in the elements from which the cosmos was created, which in turn led to interest in mathematics and geometry.

31. 5 Discoveries were made in medicine and astronomy • 6 the astronomical observations of Ptolemy stressed the position of the earth at the center of the universe • 7 Archimedes developed theories of physics relating to water power and mathematics.

32. 8 Drama, vital to religious festivals, took a central role in Greek expression. Greek dramatists produced both comedies and tragedies • 9 The Greeks also developed history as a form of literature. • 10 Greek artists were most advanced in sculpture and architecture.

33. Men, Women, and Social Divisions • In Greek law and culture, women were inferior to men • Female infanticide was practiced • Despite their low social status, some Greek women were active in business and did control urban property • Greek marriages were arranged by the patriarchal household head, and husbands could divorce their wives at will • Conditions for women appear to have improved in the Hellenistic era.

34. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/260307/Hellenistic-Agehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/260307/Hellenistic-Age

35. ROMAN REPUBLIC • SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. • a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. • WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ROME? • WHAT IS A REPUBLIC? • a republic is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter“ and where offices of states are subsequently directly or indirectly elected or appointed rather than inherited

37. ROMAN REPUBLIC • PERIOD OF ancient Roman civilization when the government operated as a republic • It began with the overthrow of the Roman monarchy • 509 BC – 27 BC • Replaced by a government headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate • A complex constitution gradually developed • Based on the principles of a separation of powers and checks and balances • Except in times of dire national emergency, public offices were limited to one year, so in theory at least, no single individual could dominate his fellow citizens.

38. MOST IMPORTANT LEADER • JULIUS CAESAR

40. Leaders in the late Republic held power on behalf of the Senate and people of Rome. • EVENTS ENDING THE REPUBLIC • 1 the appointment of Julius Caesar as perpetual dictator in 44 BC • 2 the defeat of Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC • 3 the Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian (Augustus) in 27 BC

41. JULIUS CAESAR • July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC • WHAT DO YOU KNOW? • Roman general and statesman • writer of Latin prose • played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. • "Veni, vidi, vici"

42. Crossed the Rubicon with a legion to march on Rome Civil war resulted emerged as the unrivaled leader of Rome program of social and governmental reforms

43. creation of the Julian calendar • He centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity“ • Caesar established a new constitution, which was intended to accomplish three separate goals • 1 suppress all armed resistance out in the provinces, and thus bring order back to the empire • 2 create a strong central government in Rome • 3 knit together the entire empire into a single cohesive unit

44. Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by a group of senators led by Marcus Junius Brutus • civil wars broke out • constitutional government of the Republic was never restored • Caesar's adopted heir, later known as Augustus, rose to sole power, and the era of the Roman Empire began. • Much of Caesar's life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns and from other contemporary sources, mainly the letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings/biographies of Caesar by famous Roman historians Suetonius and Plutarch

46. http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+clips+for+julius+caesar&mid=13ACBB333DD863CC054013ACBB333DD863CC0540&view=detail&FORM=VIRE1http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+clips+for+julius+caesar&mid=13ACBB333DD863CC054013ACBB333DD863CC0540&view=detail&FORM=VIRE1 • http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+clips+for+julius+caesar&mid=13ACBB333DD863CC054013ACBB333DD863CC0540&view=detail&FORM=VIRE1