Anatomy and Physiology- Unit D

1. Anatomy and Physiology- Unit D

2. External Features and Bones Competency: 9.00 Summarize the major parts of small animals

3. Objective 9.01 • Describe the major external parts of small animals

4. Basic Anatomy Terminology • Cheek- fleshy side of the face • Dewlap- loose skin under the chin • Elbow- upper joint of the front leg • Flank- fleshy part of the side • Foot pad- part that the animal walks on • Forearm- front limb just below the elbow • Guard hair- longer course hair above the shorter under fur (protection)

5. Basic Anatomy Terminology • Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the hind limb • Lion- fleshy part of the side under the spinal column • Muzzle- projecting jaw (nose and mouth) • Nose pad • Tip of the nose • Used for investigating food and unfamiliar objects • Called the nose leather in cats

6. Basic Anatomy Terminology • Rump- upper rounded part of the hindquarter • Shoulder- above the elbow of the fore leg • Stifle- joint above the hock • Thigh- area between the rump and hock • Whiskers- long hairs growing near the mouth

7. Basic Anatomy Terminology- Birds • Crown • top of the head • Ear covert • feathers covering the ears • Mandible • upper or lower segment of the bill • Nape • back of the neck • Orbital ring • ring around the eye

8. Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles • Brille • transparent layer covering eyes • Eyelid for snakes • Fins • Web of skin supported with bone or cartilage rods • Enables fish to move through water

9. Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles • Gills • Major organ of the respiratory system • Breath without lungs • Scales • Modified portion of the epidermal layer • Provides protection • Scutes • Epidermal scales found on turtles

10. Objective 9.02 • Define major skeletal parts of small animals

11. Skeletal System • Axial skeleton • vertebral column • Ribs • Sternum • skull

12. Dog Skeleton http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/000f09ca.gif

13. Dog Skeleton http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/images/S23.GIF

14. Skeletal System • Pectoral limb • front limbs • shoulders, legs and feet • scapula (shoulder blade) • humerus (arm) • radius and ulna (forearm) • carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (toes)

15. http://www.uoguelph.ca/~mammals/CatSkeleton.jpg

16. http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zoo.225/Catskeleton.jpeghttp://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zoo.225/Catskeleton.jpeg

17. Skeletal System • Pelvic limb • rear legs and pelvic bones • hooks • pin bones • femur (upper leg bone) • tibia and fibula (lower leg bones) • Tarsals (hocks) • Metatarsals (feet) • Phalanges (toes)

18. Rabbit Skeleton http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/foods/458-878/rabbit.gif

19. Rabbit Skeleton http://www.avte.net/AVTE2003/contents/anatomy/lab%20animal/rabbit_skeleton.jpg

20. Skeletal System-Birds • Have some unique bones unlike mammals • Most have a skull bone that elongates toward the front of the head • Some have a skull with an upper beak fused to it while other birds have hinges on both upper and lower mandibles giving it more flexibility

21. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Skeleton.shtmlhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Skeleton.shtml

22. Objective 9.03 • Discuss the role of internal organs in small animals

23. Major organs and systems • Heart • major organ in the circulatory system • 3 muscle layers

24. Circulatory System • Myocardium • second layer muscle that makes up the thickness of the heart • Endocardium • thin layer inside myocardium • Epicardium • thin cover over the myocardium • Other parts of the circulatory system are the arteries, capillaries, veins and blood

25. Layers of the Heart

26. Heart

27. Circulatory System • Other parts of the circulatory system are • Arteries • Capillaries • Veins • Blood

28. Circulatory System- Functions • Transports • nutrients • metabolic waste • oxygen • Protects against microbes and injury

29. Kidneys and Bladder • Part of the excretory system • rids the body of waste • maintain chemical composition • volume of blood • regulates tissue fluid

30. Stomach and Intestines • Major part of digestive system • breaks food down into smaller pieces to be used by the body • Nutrients are gleaned from these food materials

31. Lungs • Part of the respiratory system • oxygen is taken in by the nose, passed on to the lungs and then goes into the blood

32. Nervous System • Brains, spinal cord, and nerves • Coordinator of all body activities • Regulates other systems • Controls memory and learning

33. Reproductive system • Ovaries and testes • Egg • Sperm • Help produce new individuals of the same species

34. Muscular System • Muscles • Movement • Posture • Support • Produces heat

35. Small Animal Nutrition Competency: 10.00 Examine the role of nutrition in the support of animals life

36. Objective 10.01 • Discuss the six basic nutritional requirements of small animals in relation to the function they serve for the small animal

37. Nutrition • Nutrient- single group of foods of the same general chemical composition that supports animal life • There are six basic nutrient

38. Water • More important nutrient than any other nutrient • makes up 55-65% of an animal’s body

39. Water • Aides in digestion • Transports nutrients • Regulates body temperature • Carries waste from the body • Supports respiration

40. Proteins • Complex nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen • Develop and repairing body organs and tissues • muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers

41. Proteins • Production of milk, wool, and eggs • Reproduction process of the developing fetus • Developing the young • Transmitting DNA

42. Carbohydrates • Converting of food into energy • Made up of chemical elements • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Supports breathing and digesting

43. Carbohydrates • Production of heat for body warmth • Stores fat • Types of carbohydrates • Sugars • Starch • fiber

44. Fats • Chemical elements of • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Same elements as carbohydrates but different combinations

45. Fats • Fats contain 2.25 times more energy • Aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins • A, D, E and K • Provides the essential fatty acids needed in an animal’s diet

46. Vitamins • Organic substances needed for specific biochemical reactions • A,B, C, D, E and K • Needed in small amounts

47. Vitamins • Regulation of body glands • Digestive system • Absorption • Metabolism • The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized.

48. Minerals • Supply the material for building the skeleton and producing regulators such as enzymes and hormones • Divided into 2 groups • Macro • Micro

49. Macro vs. Micro • Macro • Seven major minerals needed in largest quantity and most likely lacking in the ration • Micro • Nine trace minerals needed in small amounts

50. Macro-minerals • Phosphorus • Calcium • Potassium • Sodium and chlorine • Sulfur • Magnesium