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World War 1: 1914-1918

World War 1: 1914-1918. The “War to End All Wars” Devastation of a G eneration. 65 million soldiers mobilized 9-10 million dead 21 million wounded 8 million POWs Nearly 60% of those mobilized were killed, wounded, or made prisoner. Why so bloody?.

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World War 1: 1914-1918

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  1. World War 1: 1914-1918

  2. The “War to End All Wars”Devastation of a Generation • 65 million soldiers mobilized • 9-10 million dead • 21 million wounded • 8 million POWs • Nearly 60% of those mobilized were killed, wounded, or made prisoner

  3. Why so bloody? Modern weaponry: Machine guns, gas, high-explosive shells Outmoded tactics: War of attrition; always fighting the last war Huge conscript armies; “Total War”

  4. War fought on land, sea, air, Six fronts: Western, Eastern, Balkans, Middle East (including Turkey), Italian, and Africa

  5. “Total War”

  6. Trench Warfare

  7. “All Quiet on the Western Front”-450 miles long

  8. Driving Forces Nationalism: Serbia, Balkans, German “pan-Germanists,” Russian “pan-Slavists” France wanted Alsace-Lorraine back Militarism: growth of large armies and navies with battleships “dreadnaughts” Imperialism: Scramble for Africa; competition for prestige Alliance System

  9. But what really caused WW1? Maybe it happened because “it was just too much effort not to have a war…” ~Captain Edmund Blackadder http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfIwY4Ej9aM

  10. Austria-Hungary: A real patchwork

  11. The Balkans—The fuse of WW1 In 1900, the Ottoman Empire (“the sick man of Europe”) still controlled much of the Balkans, but it was weakand its hold was crumbling Russia wanted ports on the Mediterranean Sea A-H also wants ports on the Med and wanted wider control to stop rebellions Italy wanted land on the east side of the Adriatic Sea German wanted to build a RR through the Balkans to link Berlin to Baghdad: oil! Balkan countries (Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece) wanted to expand

  12. Cousins

  13. The Balkans—The fuse of WW1 "One day the great European War will come out of some damned foolish thing in the Balkans". -Otto Von Bismarck, 1st Chancellor of Germany, 1888 “Why four great powers should fight over Serbia no fellow can understand.” -John Burns, member of Britain’s Liberal government, July 27, 1914

  14. The Road to War In 1914, Europe had been at peace for nearly a century—with a few exceptions Crimean War 1850s Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871 Spanish-American War 1899-1902

  15. There had been a balance of power in Europe since 1815 among three great powers: Russia, France, and Great Britain But then in 1870, something happened that changed the landscape of Europe What was it?

  16. Unification of Germany Led by Prussia New threat to G.B., France and Russia alike Highly industrialized, aggressive, ambitious state Wanted status, wanted colonies France and Austria wanted to stop unification and went to war against Germany in 1870, both defeated.

  17. All was not totally “quiet” What was going on in Europe in the late 1800s?—think back to 9th grade history

  18. Things were moving beneath the surface of Europe Rise of new Europe states particularly Germany and Italy—growth of nationalism and increased competition among European powers New industrial order/technological developments growing socialist/communist movements, partly as a reaction to industrialization …and imperialism/colonialism

  19. Main Powers Germany/Aus-Hungary/Italy Great Britain/France/Russia Other players include Ottoman Empire, Serbia, and Belgium

  20. Germany New power Large land army Colonial ambitions but late to the game Surrounded by enemies- “An endeavour is afoot to bring all these Powers together for a concentrated attack on the Central Powers.” -former German Chief of Staff Alfred von Schlieffen

  21. France Large overseas empire, primarily in Western Africa and Indochina Only European power without a King or Queen Was declining relative to Germany in power/industrial strength and population Loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany

  22. Great Britain Democracy with Monarch George V Huge empire (25% of the world’s land area) Power based on large, powerful navy, used this to control oceans and colonies around the world Industrial powerhouse, but declining relative to Germany

  23. Russia Immense empire with huge population, more than 2x greater than Germany “The Russian Steamroller” Weak state, too big, not industrialized, poor Lots of unrest Defeated by Japan in war of 1904-1905

  24. Comparing the powers Let’s look at your charts, what do you notice? Population means larger army.

  25. Comparing the power: Advantages TRIPLE Entente Central Powers • Population big advantage • Number of Colonies: big advantage • Size of colonies: big advantage • Population of Colonies: huge advantage • Size of armies: even • Size of navies: big advantage • Size of armies: even • Coal production: advantage • Steel production: even

  26. Comparing the power: Advantages TRIPLE Entente Central Powers • Population-Big Advantage • No of Colonies-BA • Size of colonies-BA • Population of col-BA • Size of navies-BA • Size of armies-even • Coal output-even • Steel-slight advantage

  27. System of alliances 1879 Dual Alliance (Germany + Austria-Hungary) 1882 Triple Alliance (Germany. + A.H. +Italy) 1892 Franco-Russian Alliance (France + Russia) 1904 Entente Cordiale (Britain + France) 1907 Triple Entente (Britain + France + Russia) But would Britain fight?

  28. Events along the road 1898 France and Britain almost go to war in the Sudan 1904 After backing away from war, they entered into secret agreements (Entente Cordiale) guaranteeing British Interests in Egypt and French interests in Morocco. 1905 Germany confronts French plan to turn Morocco into a colony, the Kaiser says he would stop a French takeover

  29. Road to War continued France and Britain decide against war, instead an int’l conference in Spain goes against Germany. French authority in Morocco recognized and no new colonies for Germany. Germany, however, determines that France and Britain are not ready to fight 1911 2nd Morocco Crisis. France sends 20,000 troops to Morocco to put down a rebellion. Germany sends a gunboat to Moroccan port of Agadir. British navy on war footing. Germany backs down

  30. Increased competition http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/colonialism1914.jpg

  31. Where are the Europeans in 1880?

  32. Arms Race on Land and Sea On land, Schlieffen Plan v. Plan Seventeen At sea, Britain buildup vs. German buildup. New ships called Dreadnoughts. Heavily armored and gunned up. Threat! Who won the arms race?

  33. Homework for Monday Finish AQWF. Seminar discussion format on Monday. Student led—bring in 2 questions you would like to discuss. Hand in Reading Journal. You only have to include entries for Chapter 10 and 11. Please print it out and bring into class. (Points off if it is not on paper!  or ) If you are planning do to the extra credit, please let me know which movie you are planning to do. EOD for letting me know.

  34. Crisis in the Balkans

  35. “Small” wars change the Balkans 1911 Italy defeats Turkey 1912, the Balkan League (Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro) attacks and defeats Turkey in 50 days. Turkey loses all land in Balkans. The 4 Balkan League members gain land. 1913 Bulgaria, unhappy with its gains, goes to war against Greece and Serbia. Romania and Turkey gang up on Bulgaria. Bulgaria loses some of the land it had just gained in 1912.

  36. On the eve How do these wars set the stage for the outbreak of WW1? Now, lets go to the videotape!

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